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<p>In present research, we utilized the solid-state reaction method to synthesize ceramic compounds with compositions of BaTiO<sub>3</sub>, Ba<sub>0.9</sub>(Cu<sub>0.05</sub>Fe<sub>0.05</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub> and Ba<sub>0.8</sub>(Cu<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>0.1</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub>. The resulting compounds exhibited a tetragonal crystal structure, and the size of the crystallites was determined to be approximately 18–20&#xa0;nm. By employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, we observed that the incorporation of copper and iron influenced the octahedral vibrations within the compound. These vibrational changes shed light on the structural modifications induced by the Cu and Fe doping. Due to the presence of a transition metal dopant at the barium site, the M-H loop exhibited soft ferromagnetic characteristics. Bandgap calculated from UV–visible analysis comes within the range of 2.45 to 2.20&#xa0;eV. However, doping with Cu and Fe can enhance the structural, magnetic, and optical performance of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> by inducing lattice distortions, generating oxygen vacancies, and narrowing the bandgap, thereby expanding its potential for multifunctional applications, particularly in magnetoelectric and gas sensor devices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancement of structural and magnetic properties in Fe and Cu co-doped BaTiO3 ceramics for advanced sensor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月2日

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  • Lakshit Grover,
  • Shristi Chaudhary,
  • Mikanshi Chaudhary,
  • Shilpi Jindal

摘要

In present research, we utilized the solid-state reaction method to synthesize ceramic compounds with compositions of BaTiO3, Ba0.9(Cu0.05Fe0.05)TiO3 and Ba0.8(Cu0.1Fe0.1)TiO3. The resulting compounds exhibited a tetragonal crystal structure, and the size of the crystallites was determined to be approximately 18–20 nm. By employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, we observed that the incorporation of copper and iron influenced the octahedral vibrations within the compound. These vibrational changes shed light on the structural modifications induced by the Cu and Fe doping. Due to the presence of a transition metal dopant at the barium site, the M-H loop exhibited soft ferromagnetic characteristics. Bandgap calculated from UV–visible analysis comes within the range of 2.45 to 2.20 eV. However, doping with Cu and Fe can enhance the structural, magnetic, and optical performance of BaTiO3 by inducing lattice distortions, generating oxygen vacancies, and narrowing the bandgap, thereby expanding its potential for multifunctional applications, particularly in magnetoelectric and gas sensor devices.

Graphical abstract