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<p><i>Ganoderma</i> sporocarps form vertically aligned tubular structures, which disperse spores, that have unknown mechanical advantages. This study examines the structure–property relationships of tubes across three species, focusing on chemical composition, structure, and mechanical response under varying loading conditions and length scales. FTIR, SEM characterization, and nanoindentation show consistent chemistry, structure, and indentation hardness, revealing a uniform material and structure. Compression testing shows anisotropic strength, with higher axial strength, while tensile fracture testing shows higher transverse fracture energy. This opposing behavior suggests the tubes offset directional low strength by resisting crack propagation, thereby making them a viable structural layer for bioinspired design.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mechanical and structural advantages of tubular structures in Ganoderma

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Ihsan S. Elnunu,
  • Steven E. Naleway

摘要

Ganoderma sporocarps form vertically aligned tubular structures, which disperse spores, that have unknown mechanical advantages. This study examines the structure–property relationships of tubes across three species, focusing on chemical composition, structure, and mechanical response under varying loading conditions and length scales. FTIR, SEM characterization, and nanoindentation show consistent chemistry, structure, and indentation hardness, revealing a uniform material and structure. Compression testing shows anisotropic strength, with higher axial strength, while tensile fracture testing shows higher transverse fracture energy. This opposing behavior suggests the tubes offset directional low strength by resisting crack propagation, thereby making them a viable structural layer for bioinspired design.

Graphical abstract