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<p>By partially replacing cement in concrete formulations with sustainable alternatives, emissions from cement utilization are reduced. In this work, the cement binder of Portland concrete was replaced (by wt%) with diatomaceous earth, fly ash, or freshly pressed <i>Spirulina</i> biomass. Samples were characterized via compression strength over an 84&#xa0;day test period. Compression strength results for 15% diatomaceous earth retained 75%, 15% fly ash increased by 16%, and 3% <i>Spirulina</i> samples retained 68% of their respective compression strengths. In conclusion, partial cement replacement with sustainable materials retains sufficient compression strength for certain applications while offering potential environmental benefits.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Evaluation of sustainable Portland cement composites modified with diatomaceous earth, fly ash, and Spirulina

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Marcos M. Hernandez,
  • Brannette Marie Mejia Castro,
  • Cesar Raul Gonzalez Esquer,
  • Babetta L. Marrone,
  • Joseph H. Dumont

摘要

By partially replacing cement in concrete formulations with sustainable alternatives, emissions from cement utilization are reduced. In this work, the cement binder of Portland concrete was replaced (by wt%) with diatomaceous earth, fly ash, or freshly pressed Spirulina biomass. Samples were characterized via compression strength over an 84 day test period. Compression strength results for 15% diatomaceous earth retained 75%, 15% fly ash increased by 16%, and 3% Spirulina samples retained 68% of their respective compression strengths. In conclusion, partial cement replacement with sustainable materials retains sufficient compression strength for certain applications while offering potential environmental benefits.

Graphical abstract