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<p>The development of biocompatible antimicrobial nanomaterials is crucial to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. This study reports a green approach for synthesizing anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> and wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles using <i>Withania somnifera</i> extract as a polyphenol-rich bioreductant and stabilizer. XRD confirmed crystalline phases with crystallite sizes of 34.12&#xa0;nm (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and 26.96&#xa0;nm (ZnO), while microscopy revealed particle sizes of 48.56 and 43.95&#xa0;nm, respectively. FTIR and HPLC analyses verified polyphenol involvement in nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization. The nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i>, with ZnO exhibiting superior efficacy and high cytocompatibility for biomedical antimicrobial applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green nano-architectonics of TiO2 and ZnO formation via Withania somnifera extracts with enhanced antibacterial activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Pankaj Kumar,
  • Jasmeet Kaur,
  • Jaspal Singh

摘要

The development of biocompatible antimicrobial nanomaterials is crucial to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. This study reports a green approach for synthesizing anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles using Withania somnifera extract as a polyphenol-rich bioreductant and stabilizer. XRD confirmed crystalline phases with crystallite sizes of 34.12 nm (TiO2) and 26.96 nm (ZnO), while microscopy revealed particle sizes of 48.56 and 43.95 nm, respectively. FTIR and HPLC analyses verified polyphenol involvement in nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization. The nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, with ZnO exhibiting superior efficacy and high cytocompatibility for biomedical antimicrobial applications.

Graphical Abstract