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<p>The alkaline battery MnO<sub>2</sub> discharge mechanism progresses from tunneled γ-MnO<sub>2</sub> to tunneled α-MnOOH to layered Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub> as the reduction proceeds from charged Mn(IV) to discharged Mn(II). However, the existence of a disordered intermediate has recently been suggested in the “second electron” region between Mn(III) and Mn(II). The authors use <i>operando</i> extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to observe the structural evolution. A disordered γ-MnOOH was identified, which was the majority material for a substantial period before the sudden appearance of Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub> in the final moments of discharge. In rechargeable Bi-modified electrodes, the disordered γ-MnOOH was more efficiently converted to Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Structural identification of disordered γ-MnOOH in the alkaline MnO2 discharge mechanism

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Eric K. Zimmerer,
  • Joshua W. Gallaway

摘要

The alkaline battery MnO2 discharge mechanism progresses from tunneled γ-MnO2 to tunneled α-MnOOH to layered Mn(OH)2 as the reduction proceeds from charged Mn(IV) to discharged Mn(II). However, the existence of a disordered intermediate has recently been suggested in the “second electron” region between Mn(III) and Mn(II). The authors use operando extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to observe the structural evolution. A disordered γ-MnOOH was identified, which was the majority material for a substantial period before the sudden appearance of Mn(OH)2 in the final moments of discharge. In rechargeable Bi-modified electrodes, the disordered γ-MnOOH was more efficiently converted to Mn(OH)2.

Graphical abstract