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Abstract <p>Ferroelectric materials can simultaneously harvest light and vibrational energy, making them attractive for renewable energy solutions. Central to this capability is the ferroelectric photovoltaic (FPV) effect, where the depolarization field (<i>E</i><sub>dp</sub>) and the Schottky built-in field (<i>E</i><sub>bi</sub>) synergistically drive photogenerated carrier separation, yet systematic experimental studies of this mechanism remain scarce. Using low Curie temperature (<i>T</i><sub>C</sub> ~ 127 ℃) barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>), we modulated polarization via temperature control to investigate the synergistic interplay between <i>E</i><sub>dp</sub> and <i>E</i><sub>bi</sub> in ITO/BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/Ag and Ag/BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/Ag devices. In ITO/BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/Ag, where <i>E</i><sub>bi</sub> dominates, <i>E</i><sub>dp</sub> alignment with <i>E</i><sub>bi</sub> yields a higher photocurrent (261 nA/cm<sup>2</sup>) compared to the opposing configuration (45 nA/cm<sup>2</sup>) at 40&#xa0;°C. Conversely, in Ag/BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/Ag, where <i>E</i><sub>bi</sub>≈0, <i>E</i><sub>dp</sub> alone drives switchable photocurrents. Heating BaTiO<sub>3</sub> to 160&#xa0;°C eliminates <i>E</i><sub>dp</sub>, leaving <i>E</i><sub>bi</sub> to dominate and generate ~ 1 μA/cm<sup>2</sup> in ITO/BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/Ag. This work provides direct evidence of <i>E</i><sub>dp</sub>-<i>E</i><sub>bi</sub>-competition-driven FPV behavior and offers design guidelines for high-performance devices operable above <i>T</i><sub>C</sub>.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Photovoltaic effect based on depolarization field and Schottky interface in BaTiO3 ceramics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Fu-Zheng Xian,
  • Meng-Xue Wang,
  • Hong-Ze Yan,
  • Lian-Zheng Du,
  • Wan-Qi Liu,
  • En-Meng Liang,
  • Qian Wang,
  • Xian Zhao,
  • Chun-Ming Wang

摘要

Abstract

Ferroelectric materials can simultaneously harvest light and vibrational energy, making them attractive for renewable energy solutions. Central to this capability is the ferroelectric photovoltaic (FPV) effect, where the depolarization field (Edp) and the Schottky built-in field (Ebi) synergistically drive photogenerated carrier separation, yet systematic experimental studies of this mechanism remain scarce. Using low Curie temperature (TC ~ 127 ℃) barium titanate (BaTiO3), we modulated polarization via temperature control to investigate the synergistic interplay between Edp and Ebi in ITO/BaTiO3/Ag and Ag/BaTiO3/Ag devices. In ITO/BaTiO3/Ag, where Ebi dominates, Edp alignment with Ebi yields a higher photocurrent (261 nA/cm2) compared to the opposing configuration (45 nA/cm2) at 40 °C. Conversely, in Ag/BaTiO3/Ag, where Ebi≈0, Edp alone drives switchable photocurrents. Heating BaTiO3 to 160 °C eliminates Edp, leaving Ebi to dominate and generate ~ 1 μA/cm2 in ITO/BaTiO3/Ag. This work provides direct evidence of Edp-Ebi-competition-driven FPV behavior and offers design guidelines for high-performance devices operable above TC.

Graphical abstract