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Abstract <p>In this study, a novel composite bioink composed of methacrylated silk fibroin (SilkMA) and bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels was fabricated by digital light processing (DLP)-based three-dimensional bioprinting. Various structural designs were successfully fabricated using the DLP technique, and the resulting constructs were systematically characterized in terms of their chemical composition, morphology, mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and degradation profile. Scanning electron&#xa0;microscopy analyses revealed interconnected porous architectures, essential for tissue-engineering applications. The incorporation of BC into the SilkMA matrix significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the hydrogels. <i>In vitro</i> biocompatibility was assessed using human dermal fibroblast cells, demonstrating favorable cell attachment and proliferation with no observed cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results highlight the potential of DLP-printed SilkMA/BC hydrogels as a promising and tunable bioink for biomedical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p> Impact statement <p>Digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing is a widely used technique in tissue-engineering applications due to its high resolution and fast production capability. The development of new hybrid biomaterials compatible with this technique enables the production of functional 3D structures with optimized mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In this study, a hybrid bioink based on natural polymers, methacrylate-modified silk fibroin (SilkMA) and bacterial cellulose (BC), was formulated and different geometric structures were successfully printed using the DLP technique. Morphological, mechanical and biological characterization studies revealed that the developed SilkMA/BC composite is a suitable candidate for DLP-based bioprinting due to its porous structure, increased mechanical strength,&#xa0;and support of cell proliferation. This developed hybrid bioink enables the use of complex 3D structures in tissue-engineering applications.</p>

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Engineering of a novel SilkMA-bacterial cellulose hydrogel bioink for digital light processing three-dimensional bioprinting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Dilruba Baykara,
  • Omer Yilmaz,
  • Tubanur Avci,
  • Elif Ilhan,
  • Ridvan Yildirim,
  • Christophe Egles,
  • Oguzhan Gunduz

摘要

Abstract

In this study, a novel composite bioink composed of methacrylated silk fibroin (SilkMA) and bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels was fabricated by digital light processing (DLP)-based three-dimensional bioprinting. Various structural designs were successfully fabricated using the DLP technique, and the resulting constructs were systematically characterized in terms of their chemical composition, morphology, mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and degradation profile. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed interconnected porous architectures, essential for tissue-engineering applications. The incorporation of BC into the SilkMA matrix significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the hydrogels. In vitro biocompatibility was assessed using human dermal fibroblast cells, demonstrating favorable cell attachment and proliferation with no observed cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results highlight the potential of DLP-printed SilkMA/BC hydrogels as a promising and tunable bioink for biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract

Impact statement

Digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing is a widely used technique in tissue-engineering applications due to its high resolution and fast production capability. The development of new hybrid biomaterials compatible with this technique enables the production of functional 3D structures with optimized mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In this study, a hybrid bioink based on natural polymers, methacrylate-modified silk fibroin (SilkMA) and bacterial cellulose (BC), was formulated and different geometric structures were successfully printed using the DLP technique. Morphological, mechanical and biological characterization studies revealed that the developed SilkMA/BC composite is a suitable candidate for DLP-based bioprinting due to its porous structure, increased mechanical strength, and support of cell proliferation. This developed hybrid bioink enables the use of complex 3D structures in tissue-engineering applications.