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<p>Depletion plating, a decorative method often referred to as depletion gilding, has a rich history, dating back to ancient civilizations. The method was used to enhance the aesthetics of metallic objects made of noble metal alloys. For example, by selectively etching copper from objects made of gold-copper and silver-copper alloys, one was able to achieve a finish that looks similar to pure gold and pure silver (known as sterling silver), respectively. In contemporary applications, selective alloy etching (i.e., dealloying) is utilized to fabricate nanoporous metals, which are crucial in various industries, particularly in catalysis, such as Raney nickel. Despite its advantages, dealloying comes with notable challenges. One of its main drawbacks is the significant loss of the sacrificial metal etch from the alloy, which can exceed 50% of the starting parent alloy, leading to considerable waste. This issue hampers the scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing nanoporous metals to a great extent. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainable manufacturing practices, there is a growing demand for dealloying methods that can effectively recover these sacrificial materials. To align with the scope of this issue on nanostructured materials, our article will delve into the challenges associated with sacrificial materials in dealloying, which impede large-scale production of nanoporous metals cost-effectively. The most recent recovery method for sacrificial elements during selective leaching will be discussed, namely the recovery of sacrificial elements during selective electrolytic etching via the Kirkendall effect. First, we will discuss the Kirkendall effect from both historical and fundamental aspects. Next, we will use this method to showcase the creation of nanoporous silver and nanoporous gold with layered structures, utilizing chlorine as the sacrificial element, with the sacrificial chlorine nearly fully recovered during the process. Finally, we will present future perspectives and research directions that could enable the recovery of sacrificial elements in dealloying to improve the sustainability of nanoporous metal production, ensuring a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly manufacturing approach.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sacrificial element recovery through the Kirkendall effect during electrolytic dealloying

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月23日

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  • Eric Detsi,
  • Jeff Th. M. DeHosson

摘要

Depletion plating, a decorative method often referred to as depletion gilding, has a rich history, dating back to ancient civilizations. The method was used to enhance the aesthetics of metallic objects made of noble metal alloys. For example, by selectively etching copper from objects made of gold-copper and silver-copper alloys, one was able to achieve a finish that looks similar to pure gold and pure silver (known as sterling silver), respectively. In contemporary applications, selective alloy etching (i.e., dealloying) is utilized to fabricate nanoporous metals, which are crucial in various industries, particularly in catalysis, such as Raney nickel. Despite its advantages, dealloying comes with notable challenges. One of its main drawbacks is the significant loss of the sacrificial metal etch from the alloy, which can exceed 50% of the starting parent alloy, leading to considerable waste. This issue hampers the scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing nanoporous metals to a great extent. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainable manufacturing practices, there is a growing demand for dealloying methods that can effectively recover these sacrificial materials. To align with the scope of this issue on nanostructured materials, our article will delve into the challenges associated with sacrificial materials in dealloying, which impede large-scale production of nanoporous metals cost-effectively. The most recent recovery method for sacrificial elements during selective leaching will be discussed, namely the recovery of sacrificial elements during selective electrolytic etching via the Kirkendall effect. First, we will discuss the Kirkendall effect from both historical and fundamental aspects. Next, we will use this method to showcase the creation of nanoporous silver and nanoporous gold with layered structures, utilizing chlorine as the sacrificial element, with the sacrificial chlorine nearly fully recovered during the process. Finally, we will present future perspectives and research directions that could enable the recovery of sacrificial elements in dealloying to improve the sustainability of nanoporous metal production, ensuring a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly manufacturing approach.

Graphical abstract