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<p>The maritime industry is undergoing a&#xa0;significant transformation driven by digital technologies, including blockchain, electronic bills of lading (eBLs), Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). These advancements are reshaping global trade operations, yet they challenge traditional legal frameworks, particularly those underpinning carrier liability. This paper critically examines the Rotterdam Rules as a&#xa0;framework for modernizing maritime liability, highlighting their strengths and limitations in addressing cybersecurity risks, digital documentation integrity, and liability allocation in multimodal transport. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights, the study proposes strategies to harmonize legal frameworks with emerging technologies, including tailored contracts, collaborative investment in digital tools, and enhanced cybersecurity measures. It emphasizes the need for global adoption of consistent liability standards and targeted revisions to incorporate explicit provisions for digital transformation. By aligning legal frameworks with the realities of digitalization, this paper offers policymakers, industry leaders, and legal expert’s actionable recommendations to ensure a&#xa0;resilient, equitable, and innovation-friendly maritime sector. The findings aim to contribute to sustainable global trade governance and the advancement of a&#xa0;balanced maritime liability regime in the digital age.</p>

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The evolving scope of carrier liability under the Rotterdam Rules: balancing shipper and carrier obligations in a digital marine sector

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月10日

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  • Ahmed Hany M. Abuelenin

摘要

The maritime industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by digital technologies, including blockchain, electronic bills of lading (eBLs), Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). These advancements are reshaping global trade operations, yet they challenge traditional legal frameworks, particularly those underpinning carrier liability. This paper critically examines the Rotterdam Rules as a framework for modernizing maritime liability, highlighting their strengths and limitations in addressing cybersecurity risks, digital documentation integrity, and liability allocation in multimodal transport. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights, the study proposes strategies to harmonize legal frameworks with emerging technologies, including tailored contracts, collaborative investment in digital tools, and enhanced cybersecurity measures. It emphasizes the need for global adoption of consistent liability standards and targeted revisions to incorporate explicit provisions for digital transformation. By aligning legal frameworks with the realities of digitalization, this paper offers policymakers, industry leaders, and legal expert’s actionable recommendations to ensure a resilient, equitable, and innovation-friendly maritime sector. The findings aim to contribute to sustainable global trade governance and the advancement of a balanced maritime liability regime in the digital age.