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Background <p>High temperature limits growth in pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) and watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i> L.). We tested whether foliar zinc oxide nanoparticles (<i>ZnO NPs</i>; 100&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) mitigate heat stress (35&#xa0;°C) in a side-by-side, multi-genotype design spanning both species under identical conditions. By evaluating multiple genotypes of two species under matched regimes, we enable direct cross-species comparison; multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS-VIP) summarize trait importance.</p> Results <p>Heat significantly reduced SPAD, growth, and biomass (<i>p &lt;</i> 0.05). <i>ZnO NPs</i> partly alleviated injury in a genotype-dependent manner: in pepper P2, SPAD rose by ~ 35% and dry weight by ~ 33% versus heat controls; in watermelon W1, shoot length increased from 21.4 to 30.0&#xa0;cm and fresh weight ~ 3.3-fold. Conversely, W2 showed limited or negative responses, indicating Zn sensitivity at the tested dose. PCA separated heat from control groups and shifted several ZnO-treated profiles toward controls. PLS-VIP prioritized SPAD and biomass traits; given the small dataset and negative LOOCV R², multivariate outputs are interpreted as exploratory.</p> Conclusion <p><i>ZnO NPs</i> can mitigate heat injury, but effects are species- and genotype-dependent. These results motivate targeted, genotype-informed optimization before agronomic deployment.</p>

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Heat stress mitigation by zinc oxide nanoparticles in pepper and watermelon

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Seher Toprak,
  • Ömer Faruk Coşkun

摘要

Background

High temperature limits growth in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). We tested whether foliar zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs; 100 mg L⁻¹) mitigate heat stress (35 °C) in a side-by-side, multi-genotype design spanning both species under identical conditions. By evaluating multiple genotypes of two species under matched regimes, we enable direct cross-species comparison; multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS-VIP) summarize trait importance.

Results

Heat significantly reduced SPAD, growth, and biomass (p < 0.05). ZnO NPs partly alleviated injury in a genotype-dependent manner: in pepper P2, SPAD rose by ~ 35% and dry weight by ~ 33% versus heat controls; in watermelon W1, shoot length increased from 21.4 to 30.0 cm and fresh weight ~ 3.3-fold. Conversely, W2 showed limited or negative responses, indicating Zn sensitivity at the tested dose. PCA separated heat from control groups and shifted several ZnO-treated profiles toward controls. PLS-VIP prioritized SPAD and biomass traits; given the small dataset and negative LOOCV R², multivariate outputs are interpreted as exploratory.

Conclusion

ZnO NPs can mitigate heat injury, but effects are species- and genotype-dependent. These results motivate targeted, genotype-informed optimization before agronomic deployment.