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<p>Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a new class of fluorescent nanomaterials with remarkable physicochemical and optical properties, showing great potential in applications such as bioimaging, environmental sensing, and optoelectronics. However, despite progress in synthesis techniques, the development of sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly carbon sources remains a major challenge. In this regard, fungal biomass stands out as a renewable and versatile precursor for CDs production due to its high carbon content, intrinsic functionalization capacity, and low environmental impact. This review explores the potential of fungal sources, including fruiting bodies, mycelium, and yeasts, highlighting their rapid growth, biochemical richness, metabolic diversity, and adaptability. Fungal-derived CDs offer key advantages such as enhanced biocompatibility, tunable quantum yield, and diverse surface functional groups, driven by naturally occurring heteroatoms like nitrogen and sulfur. The synthesis of these CDs through hydrothermal, solvothermal, and microwave-assisted methods is discussed, with particular focus on how parameters like temperature, solvent type, and microwave power affect particle size, morphology, and optical performance. Additionally, both pre- and post-synthetic functionalization strategies are addressed, as they enable further customization of CDs for specific applications. These fungal-derived CDs display excellent water solubility, low cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity, making them suitable for biomedical and environmental uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential of fungal biomass as a sustainable carbon source for CDs synthesis, highlighting its advantages, synthesis approaches, and derived functional characteristics. Overall, fungal biomass represents a promising, eco-friendly platform to produce high-performance CDs, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and contributing to the advancement of sustainable nanotechnology.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Insights into carbon dots synthesized from fungal sources

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Leonardo Sebastián Gómez-Pérez,
  • María Eugenia Aranda-Barradas,
  • Ana Sofía Mayén-Bautista,
  • Ana Laura Torres-Huerta,
  • Aurora Antonio-Pérez

摘要

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a new class of fluorescent nanomaterials with remarkable physicochemical and optical properties, showing great potential in applications such as bioimaging, environmental sensing, and optoelectronics. However, despite progress in synthesis techniques, the development of sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly carbon sources remains a major challenge. In this regard, fungal biomass stands out as a renewable and versatile precursor for CDs production due to its high carbon content, intrinsic functionalization capacity, and low environmental impact. This review explores the potential of fungal sources, including fruiting bodies, mycelium, and yeasts, highlighting their rapid growth, biochemical richness, metabolic diversity, and adaptability. Fungal-derived CDs offer key advantages such as enhanced biocompatibility, tunable quantum yield, and diverse surface functional groups, driven by naturally occurring heteroatoms like nitrogen and sulfur. The synthesis of these CDs through hydrothermal, solvothermal, and microwave-assisted methods is discussed, with particular focus on how parameters like temperature, solvent type, and microwave power affect particle size, morphology, and optical performance. Additionally, both pre- and post-synthetic functionalization strategies are addressed, as they enable further customization of CDs for specific applications. These fungal-derived CDs display excellent water solubility, low cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity, making them suitable for biomedical and environmental uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential of fungal biomass as a sustainable carbon source for CDs synthesis, highlighting its advantages, synthesis approaches, and derived functional characteristics. Overall, fungal biomass represents a promising, eco-friendly platform to produce high-performance CDs, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and contributing to the advancement of sustainable nanotechnology.

Graphical Abstract