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Background <p><i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most deleterious post-harvest pests of wheat grain in the first place and many other stored commodities. Sustainable, environmentally safe alternatives to chemical control methods are urgently needed, especially for food materials. Therefore, this study proposes a novel approach that utilizes wheat straw, an agricultural waste, to synthesize amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs) and enhance their efficacy by exposing them to different doses of gamma irradiation.</p> Methods <p>Silica nanoparticles (SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs) were synthesized and exposed to different gamma irradiation doses (25, 50, 100 and 200&#xa0;kGy). Characteristics of the as-synthesized SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs were evaluated using different characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectrometer (EDX), electron spin resonance (ESR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmer–Teller analysis (BET). Bioassay experiments were conducted at four concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 and 4&#xa0;mg per treatment) to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the as-synthesized SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs using the median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) for both unirradiated and gamma-irradiated insects and wheat group at a sublethal dose of 100&#xa0;Gy.</p> Results <p>The 50-kGy-irradiated SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs (50kGy_SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs) showed the most prominent characteristics, such as the uniform dispersion, a small particle size (5.4 ± 0.04&#xa0;nm) and the highest surface area (148.70 m<sup>2</sup>/g). The combination of 50&#xa0;kGy SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs with 100-Gy-irradiated insects showed the most potent insecticidal activity with the lowest LC<sub>50</sub>. A powerful synergistic effect was observed when (4&#xa0;mg/5&#xa0;g) of 50kGy_SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs was combined with the 100-Gy-irradiated insects, resulting in 95% and 100% larval mortality at 7 and 14&#xa0;days post-treatment, respectively, accompanied by 100% antifeedant percentage, pupal inhibition and complete suppression of adult emergence.</p> Conclusion <p>Combining gamma-optimized SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs with sublethal irradiation of insects can provide a potent, reliable and eco-friendly approach for the integrated pest management of stored grain pests. Such a combination aims to reduce the applied amount of SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs and lower the irradiation dose required for controlling <i>T. granarium</i> in their separate usage. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the synergistic insecticidal effect of gamma-irradiated SiO<sub>2</sub>NPs derived from wheat straw for <i>T. granarium</i> control.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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From wheat to wheat: synergistic effect of silica nanoparticles synthesized from wheat straw assisted by gamma irradiation against khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium everts on wheat grain

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Sherif Hamed,
  • Rehab M. Sayed,
  • Shaimaa A. A. Mo’men,
  • Asmaa Sayed,
  • Emad M. S. Barakat

摘要

Background

Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most deleterious post-harvest pests of wheat grain in the first place and many other stored commodities. Sustainable, environmentally safe alternatives to chemical control methods are urgently needed, especially for food materials. Therefore, this study proposes a novel approach that utilizes wheat straw, an agricultural waste, to synthesize amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) and enhance their efficacy by exposing them to different doses of gamma irradiation.

Methods

Silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) were synthesized and exposed to different gamma irradiation doses (25, 50, 100 and 200 kGy). Characteristics of the as-synthesized SiO2NPs were evaluated using different characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectrometer (EDX), electron spin resonance (ESR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmer–Teller analysis (BET). Bioassay experiments were conducted at four concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg per treatment) to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the as-synthesized SiO2NPs using the median lethal concentration (LC50) for both unirradiated and gamma-irradiated insects and wheat group at a sublethal dose of 100 Gy.

Results

The 50-kGy-irradiated SiO2NPs (50kGy_SiO2NPs) showed the most prominent characteristics, such as the uniform dispersion, a small particle size (5.4 ± 0.04 nm) and the highest surface area (148.70 m2/g). The combination of 50 kGy SiO2NPs with 100-Gy-irradiated insects showed the most potent insecticidal activity with the lowest LC50. A powerful synergistic effect was observed when (4 mg/5 g) of 50kGy_SiO2NPs was combined with the 100-Gy-irradiated insects, resulting in 95% and 100% larval mortality at 7 and 14 days post-treatment, respectively, accompanied by 100% antifeedant percentage, pupal inhibition and complete suppression of adult emergence.

Conclusion

Combining gamma-optimized SiO2NPs with sublethal irradiation of insects can provide a potent, reliable and eco-friendly approach for the integrated pest management of stored grain pests. Such a combination aims to reduce the applied amount of SiO2NPs and lower the irradiation dose required for controlling T. granarium in their separate usage. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the synergistic insecticidal effect of gamma-irradiated SiO2NPs derived from wheat straw for T. granarium control.

Graphical abstract