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Background <p>Liver cancer, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a significant global health concern, responsible for over 800,000 deaths annually. Its primary causes include chronic viral hepatitis, heavy alcohol consumption, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Recent research has identified additional risk factors, such as exposure to heavy metals and endocrine disruptors, contributing to regional variations in incidence and mortality rates. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) play a crucial role in disease development, contributing to high recurrence rates and drug resistance.</p> Main body <p>Understanding the genetic landscape of liver cancer is essential for developing personalized treatment strategies. Next-generation sequencing technologies allow comprehensive genomic profiling, revealing mutations, copy number variations, and gene expression patterns associated with LCSCs and HBV-induced liver cancer. Integration of multi-omics data enhances our understanding of liver cancer biology and aids in the development of precision medicine approaches. Therapeutic targeting of clonal evolution pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling shows promise for inhibiting tumor growth and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, demonstrates effectiveness in certain instances, offering hope for improved patient outcomes. However, challenges remain in developing T cell-based immunotherapies for HBV-related liver cancer, highlighting the need for innovative strategies to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. Additionally, genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence individual susceptibility to HBV-mediated HCC, emphasizing the importance of personalized risk assessment models. Disparities in mutation frequencies among different ethnic groups underscore the need for tailored approaches to liver cancer management.</p> Conclusion <p>Insights into the genetic landscape of liver cancer pave the way for more effective and individualized treatment strategies, addressing the pressing need to combat this deadly disease. By understanding the essential genes and pathways associated with LCSCs and HBV-induced liver cancer, researchers can develop targeted therapies and personalized risk assessment models, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of liver cancer.</p>

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The genetic landscape of liver cancer: stem cells, viruses and personalized treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Jethendra Kumar Muruganantham,
  • Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran

摘要

Background

Liver cancer, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a significant global health concern, responsible for over 800,000 deaths annually. Its primary causes include chronic viral hepatitis, heavy alcohol consumption, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Recent research has identified additional risk factors, such as exposure to heavy metals and endocrine disruptors, contributing to regional variations in incidence and mortality rates. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) play a crucial role in disease development, contributing to high recurrence rates and drug resistance.

Main body

Understanding the genetic landscape of liver cancer is essential for developing personalized treatment strategies. Next-generation sequencing technologies allow comprehensive genomic profiling, revealing mutations, copy number variations, and gene expression patterns associated with LCSCs and HBV-induced liver cancer. Integration of multi-omics data enhances our understanding of liver cancer biology and aids in the development of precision medicine approaches. Therapeutic targeting of clonal evolution pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling shows promise for inhibiting tumor growth and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, demonstrates effectiveness in certain instances, offering hope for improved patient outcomes. However, challenges remain in developing T cell-based immunotherapies for HBV-related liver cancer, highlighting the need for innovative strategies to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. Additionally, genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence individual susceptibility to HBV-mediated HCC, emphasizing the importance of personalized risk assessment models. Disparities in mutation frequencies among different ethnic groups underscore the need for tailored approaches to liver cancer management.

Conclusion

Insights into the genetic landscape of liver cancer pave the way for more effective and individualized treatment strategies, addressing the pressing need to combat this deadly disease. By understanding the essential genes and pathways associated with LCSCs and HBV-induced liver cancer, researchers can develop targeted therapies and personalized risk assessment models, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of liver cancer.