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Background <p>Smoking, including conventional and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indonesia, with 69.1 million smokers, experiences a high burden of smoking-related diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of conventional and e-cigarette exposure on atherosclerosis in <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> (Wistar rats).</p> Methods <p>Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: control, conventional cigarette exposure, and e-cigarette exposure. Both smoking groups received equivalent nicotine doses for 30&#xa0;min daily, five days a week, for 12&#xa0;weeks. Aortic and iliac artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were analyzed using ELISA. Histopathological changes were also examined.</p> Results <p>Cigarette exposure significantly increased IMT in the aorta (control: 67.22 ± 3.07&#xa0;µm; conventional: 100.89 ± 25.60&#xa0;µm; e-cigarette: 83.75 ± 7.45&#xa0;µm; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and iliac arteries (control: 68.50 ± 5.6&#xa0;µm; conventional: 90.49 ± 25.02&#xa0;µm; e-cigarette: 90.68 ± 12.26&#xa0;µm; <i>p</i> = 0.031). MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in the conventional group (205.77 ± 22.18&#xa0;pg/mL; <i>p</i> = 0.003), while TNF-α levels increased in both groups but without statistical significance. Histopathology revealed fatty streaks and elastic fiber disruption in both exposure groups, with no significant differences observed (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>Both conventional and e-cigarettes promote atherosclerosis, as evidenced by increased arterial thickness and inflammatory markers. The cardiovascular risks associated with e-cigarettes are comparable to those of conventional cigarettes, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and public awareness.</p>

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The impact of conventional and electronic cigarette exposure on atherosclerosis development in Rattus norvegicus

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月26日

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  • I Gde Rurus Suryawan,
  • Meity Ardiana,
  • Tony Santoso Putra,
  • A’rofah Nurlina Puspitasari,
  • Priangga Adi,
  • Wynne Widiarti,
  • Pandit Bagus Tri Saputra

摘要

Background

Smoking, including conventional and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indonesia, with 69.1 million smokers, experiences a high burden of smoking-related diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of conventional and e-cigarette exposure on atherosclerosis in Rattus norvegicus (Wistar rats).

Methods

Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: control, conventional cigarette exposure, and e-cigarette exposure. Both smoking groups received equivalent nicotine doses for 30 min daily, five days a week, for 12 weeks. Aortic and iliac artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were analyzed using ELISA. Histopathological changes were also examined.

Results

Cigarette exposure significantly increased IMT in the aorta (control: 67.22 ± 3.07 µm; conventional: 100.89 ± 25.60 µm; e-cigarette: 83.75 ± 7.45 µm; p < 0.05) and iliac arteries (control: 68.50 ± 5.6 µm; conventional: 90.49 ± 25.02 µm; e-cigarette: 90.68 ± 12.26 µm; p = 0.031). MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in the conventional group (205.77 ± 22.18 pg/mL; p = 0.003), while TNF-α levels increased in both groups but without statistical significance. Histopathology revealed fatty streaks and elastic fiber disruption in both exposure groups, with no significant differences observed (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Both conventional and e-cigarettes promote atherosclerosis, as evidenced by increased arterial thickness and inflammatory markers. The cardiovascular risks associated with e-cigarettes are comparable to those of conventional cigarettes, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and public awareness.