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Background <p>Threatened miscarriage affects pregnancies globally, necessitating reliable diagnostic markers. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet its diagnostic value and response to progesterone support remain unclear. This prospective study aimed to assess the diagnostic significance of GDF-15 levels in maternal serum during the first trimester of threatened miscarriage and evaluate the impact of progesterone-based hormonal support. The study included 120 pregnant women: 60 diagnosed with threatened miscarriage and 60 healthy controls. In the patient group, serum β-hCG and GDF-15 levels were measured before and after a two-week course of progesterone therapy, while the control group underwent a single measurement.</p> Results <p>Women with threatened miscarriage exhibited significantly lower mean serum β-hCG and GDF-15 levels compared to the control group. Following progesterone therapy, GDF-15 levels in the patient group showed no significant change (<i>p</i> = 0.179), whereas β-hCG levels declined significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated initial diagnostic potential for GDF-15, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88.</p> Conclusions <p>Maternal serum GDF-15 demonstrates effective potential as a promising candidate biomarker for identifying threatened miscarriage. Its levels did not show a significant short-term change following standard progesterone administration, suggesting it potentially reflects underlying placental dysfunction rather than temporary hormonal fluctuations. GDF-15 holds potential as an early, stable biomarker for risk stratification in threatened miscarriage cases.</p>

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“Clinical and diagnostic value of GDF-15 and β-hCG in first trimester pregnancy with threatened miscarriage and the short-term impact of hormonal support: a prospective study”

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月6日

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  • Fares Najah Abd,
  • Rusul Arif Abd Ali

摘要

Background

Threatened miscarriage affects pregnancies globally, necessitating reliable diagnostic markers. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet its diagnostic value and response to progesterone support remain unclear. This prospective study aimed to assess the diagnostic significance of GDF-15 levels in maternal serum during the first trimester of threatened miscarriage and evaluate the impact of progesterone-based hormonal support. The study included 120 pregnant women: 60 diagnosed with threatened miscarriage and 60 healthy controls. In the patient group, serum β-hCG and GDF-15 levels were measured before and after a two-week course of progesterone therapy, while the control group underwent a single measurement.

Results

Women with threatened miscarriage exhibited significantly lower mean serum β-hCG and GDF-15 levels compared to the control group. Following progesterone therapy, GDF-15 levels in the patient group showed no significant change (p = 0.179), whereas β-hCG levels declined significantly (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated initial diagnostic potential for GDF-15, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88.

Conclusions

Maternal serum GDF-15 demonstrates effective potential as a promising candidate biomarker for identifying threatened miscarriage. Its levels did not show a significant short-term change following standard progesterone administration, suggesting it potentially reflects underlying placental dysfunction rather than temporary hormonal fluctuations. GDF-15 holds potential as an early, stable biomarker for risk stratification in threatened miscarriage cases.