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<p><i>Eryngium foetidum</i> L. (culantro) is a spice herb whose aroma is strongly affected by dehydration. We compared hot-air drying (HAD), microwave drying (MD), and vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), and evaluated ultrasound pretreatment using a one-factor-at-a-time screening design. Drying kinetics were described by dry-basis moisture content and drying-rate profiles and effective moisture diffusivity (<i>D</i><sub><i>eff</i></sub>), while energy demand was assessed by process-inclusive unit energy consumption (UEC). Within the tested ranges, kinetics was governed mainly by each dryer’s energy and mass transfer mode (air temperature in HAD, power density in MD, and sublimation/porous-matrix constraints in VFD), with ultrasound providing a secondary, structure-mediated effect that depended on operating window. Ultrasound benefits were most apparent in HAD at 40–60&#xa0;°C and weakened at 80&#xa0;°C; in MD, effects were modest and did not reliably reduce UEC once pretreatment energy was included; in VFD, ultrasound shortened drying time and reduced UEC, indicating that time savings could offset pretreatment costs. Based on screening, representative conditions were selected for volatile profiling (HAD 80&#xa0;°C; MD 20 W/g; ultrasound-assisted VFD at 5 W/g for 20&#xa0;min; plus fresh control). HS-SPME/GC–MS detected 1,664 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and multivariate analysis with elastic-net multinomial modeling identified a robust 30 VOCs separating fresh, HAD, MD, and UVFD. Clustering indicated class-selective shifts rather than uniform losses: drying generally reduced Fresh-enriched terpenoid/ester signals, while UVFD showed higher relative levels of selected fruity/green and N-heterocycle markers under the combined pretreatment–freeze-drying condition. ROAV-based analysis further indicated distinct aroma tendencies across treatments. These results link mass-transfer control, energy accounting, and VOC restructuring to support mechanism-consistent selection of representative drying conditions within the tested setup.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment and drying methods on volatile organic compounds of Eryngium foetidum L.: drying characteristics, energy optimization, and aroma profiling

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Xinyun Mai,
  • Bin Huang,
  • Qingjin Chen,
  • Fangyang Hu,
  • Junle Niu,
  • Zhengjie Zhu,
  • Lingling He

摘要

Eryngium foetidum L. (culantro) is a spice herb whose aroma is strongly affected by dehydration. We compared hot-air drying (HAD), microwave drying (MD), and vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), and evaluated ultrasound pretreatment using a one-factor-at-a-time screening design. Drying kinetics were described by dry-basis moisture content and drying-rate profiles and effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), while energy demand was assessed by process-inclusive unit energy consumption (UEC). Within the tested ranges, kinetics was governed mainly by each dryer’s energy and mass transfer mode (air temperature in HAD, power density in MD, and sublimation/porous-matrix constraints in VFD), with ultrasound providing a secondary, structure-mediated effect that depended on operating window. Ultrasound benefits were most apparent in HAD at 40–60 °C and weakened at 80 °C; in MD, effects were modest and did not reliably reduce UEC once pretreatment energy was included; in VFD, ultrasound shortened drying time and reduced UEC, indicating that time savings could offset pretreatment costs. Based on screening, representative conditions were selected for volatile profiling (HAD 80 °C; MD 20 W/g; ultrasound-assisted VFD at 5 W/g for 20 min; plus fresh control). HS-SPME/GC–MS detected 1,664 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and multivariate analysis with elastic-net multinomial modeling identified a robust 30 VOCs separating fresh, HAD, MD, and UVFD. Clustering indicated class-selective shifts rather than uniform losses: drying generally reduced Fresh-enriched terpenoid/ester signals, while UVFD showed higher relative levels of selected fruity/green and N-heterocycle markers under the combined pretreatment–freeze-drying condition. ROAV-based analysis further indicated distinct aroma tendencies across treatments. These results link mass-transfer control, energy accounting, and VOC restructuring to support mechanism-consistent selection of representative drying conditions within the tested setup.

Graphical Abstract