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<p>Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDVs) are emerging as natural nanostructures with potential applications in food and nutraceutical systems. In this study, we report the scalable production of arugula leaf–derived nanovesicles (ALVs) through ultrafiltration-size exclusion purification followed by spray-drying stabilization. This workflow ensured preservation of nanoscale morphology, biochemical cargo, and stability during long-term storage. Comprehensive characterization by cryo-EM, Raman spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and LC-HRMS revealed that ALVs contain amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lignans, along with regulatory plant miRNAs. Importantly, ALVs were able to cross differentiated Caco-2 intestinal monolayers without compromising barrier integrity, suggesting safe oral bioavailability. Overall, this work establishes arugula-derived nanovesicles as sustainable, stable, and bioavailable food nano-ingredient, highlighting their potential integration into functional foods and nutraceutical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Arugula leaf nanovesicles as sustainable food ingredient: processing, stability, and bioavailability

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Lorenza d’Adduzio,
  • Davide Marangon,
  • Umberto Musazzi,
  • Giorgia Frigerio,
  • Giulia Ranaldi,
  • Barbara Lazzari,
  • Luigi Sironi,
  • Raffaele Pugliese,
  • Maria Pia Abbracchio,
  • Davide Lecca,
  • Carmen Lammi

摘要

Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDVs) are emerging as natural nanostructures with potential applications in food and nutraceutical systems. In this study, we report the scalable production of arugula leaf–derived nanovesicles (ALVs) through ultrafiltration-size exclusion purification followed by spray-drying stabilization. This workflow ensured preservation of nanoscale morphology, biochemical cargo, and stability during long-term storage. Comprehensive characterization by cryo-EM, Raman spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and LC-HRMS revealed that ALVs contain amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lignans, along with regulatory plant miRNAs. Importantly, ALVs were able to cross differentiated Caco-2 intestinal monolayers without compromising barrier integrity, suggesting safe oral bioavailability. Overall, this work establishes arugula-derived nanovesicles as sustainable, stable, and bioavailable food nano-ingredient, highlighting their potential integration into functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

Graphical Abstract