<p>Thyroid diseases, encompassing both thyroid dysfunction and benign or malignant thyroid nodules, are among the most prevalent disorders within the endocrine system. However, in some cases, current diagnostic approaches for different thyroid diseases lack precision, and therapeutic strategies for advanced tumors remain suboptimal in terms of efficacy. The recent emergence of nanomaterials and collagen have introduced novel paradigms for advancing the clinical diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders. Nanomaterials engineered with tailored designs enable exceptional precision in lesion targeting and ultra-sensitive detection of serum biomarkers. Furthermore, their superior biocompatibility and robust stability have been harnessed to optimize targeted drug delivery and controlled release systems, thereby enhancing therapeutic value while minimizing off-target damage to healthy tissues. As a primary constituent of the natural extracellular matrix, collagen serves as an innate biopolymer nanomaterial. Its nanostructured forms (including fibers, particles, and hydrogels) demonstrate extensive biomedical applicability, facilitating thyroid cell adhesion and functional regeneration while offering an optimal substrate for implantable diagnostic and therapeutic devices. This review highlights nanomaterials’ diagnostic/therapeutic advancements for thyroid diseases, discusses clinical challenges, and outlines future directions. Collagen, beyond being a nanomaterial adjunct, shows standalone promise in regenerative medicine, potentially enabling novel precision approaches.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>