<p>Cotton is an essential agricultural commodity, but its global yield is greatly affected by climate change, which poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector. This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of climate change on cotton production and the use of genomic approaches to increase stress tolerance in cotton. This paper discusses the effects of rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events on cotton yield. It then explores various genomic strategies, such as genomic selection and marker-assisted selection, which can be used to develop stress-tolerant cotton varieties. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research efforts and policy interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on cotton production. Furthermore, this paper presents advanced prospects, including genomic selection, gene editing, multi-omics integration, high-throughput phenotyping, genomic data sharing, climate-informed breeding, and phenomics-assisted genomic selection, for enhancing stress resilience in cotton. Those innovative approaches can assist cotton researchers and breeders in developing highly resilient cotton varieties capable of withstanding the challenges posed by climate change, ensuring the sustainable and prosperous future of cotton production.</p>