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Background <p>Identifying the risk factors of freezing of gait (FOG) is essential in the management of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to identify the clinical and radiological predictors of FOG in Egyptian people with PD (PwPD). The gait of 91 PwPD was evaluated using new freezing of gait questionnaire (NFOG-Q), Berg balance scale (BBS), ten-meter walking test and time up and go test. Also, patients were assessed by total and sub-scores of MDS-UPDRS, Schwab and England (S&amp;E-ADL), Hoehn and Yahr (H&amp;Y), Beck depression inventory (BDI), non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS), and PD questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). White matter hyperintensities in the MRI brain were evaluated using the Fazekas and Scheltens scales.</p> Results <p>The prevalence of FOG was 63.7%. Compared to non-FOG patients, patients with FOG had significantly higher disease duration, MDS-UPDRS total, sub-scores and H&amp;Y (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Patients with FOG had worse S&amp;E-ADL, gait parameters (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), NMSS (<i>p</i> = 0.041), BDI and PDQ-39 scores (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Worse FOG-Off was associated with longer duration, higher levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD), worse motor and nonmotor parameters, slower gait speed and worse quality of life. In predictive modelling, significant predictors of FOG included LEDD, postural instability-gait disorder-Off, S&amp;E-ADL-Off, BBS-Off, MoCA naming score, and total NMSS.</p> Conclusions <p>Factors associated with FOG include disease duration, LEDD, motor symptom severity, gait characteristics, and cognitive impairment,—while white matter load does not appear to be a contributing factor. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to FOG management.</p>

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Prevalence and predictors of freezing of gait in people with Parkinson’s disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Ali Shalash,
  • Eshak Bahbah,
  • Engy Sadik,
  • Mohamed Essam,
  • Peter George,
  • Hossam-eldin Afify,
  • Eman Hamid,
  • Asmaa Helmy

摘要

Background

Identifying the risk factors of freezing of gait (FOG) is essential in the management of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to identify the clinical and radiological predictors of FOG in Egyptian people with PD (PwPD). The gait of 91 PwPD was evaluated using new freezing of gait questionnaire (NFOG-Q), Berg balance scale (BBS), ten-meter walking test and time up and go test. Also, patients were assessed by total and sub-scores of MDS-UPDRS, Schwab and England (S&E-ADL), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y), Beck depression inventory (BDI), non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS), and PD questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). White matter hyperintensities in the MRI brain were evaluated using the Fazekas and Scheltens scales.

Results

The prevalence of FOG was 63.7%. Compared to non-FOG patients, patients with FOG had significantly higher disease duration, MDS-UPDRS total, sub-scores and H&Y (p < 0.001). Patients with FOG had worse S&E-ADL, gait parameters (p < 0.001), NMSS (p = 0.041), BDI and PDQ-39 scores (p < 0.001). Worse FOG-Off was associated with longer duration, higher levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD), worse motor and nonmotor parameters, slower gait speed and worse quality of life. In predictive modelling, significant predictors of FOG included LEDD, postural instability-gait disorder-Off, S&E-ADL-Off, BBS-Off, MoCA naming score, and total NMSS.

Conclusions

Factors associated with FOG include disease duration, LEDD, motor symptom severity, gait characteristics, and cognitive impairment,—while white matter load does not appear to be a contributing factor. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to FOG management.