Background <p>Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks among the deadliest gynecological malignancies worldwide. Occupational asbestos exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of OC. Asia accounts for a substantial share of global asbestos consumption; nevertheless, regional analyses focusing on OC burden attributable to occupational asbestos exposure under the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework remain scarce.</p> Objectives <p>This study aimed to assess the burden of OC attributable to occupational asbestos exposure across Asia and delineate its temporal trends from 1990 to 2021.</p> Methods <p>Data on all-age deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rates, and crude rates of OC attributable to occupational asbestos exposure among Asian females were retrieved from the 2021 GBD dataset and its comparative risk assessment framework for subsequent burden analyses. The Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model was adopted to characterize long-term trends of the disease burden, although decomposition analysis was performed to quantify the respective contributions of population growth, population aging, and epidemiological shifts.</p> Results <p>Between 1990 and 2021, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of OC attributable to occupational asbestos exposure in Asia declined from 0.41 per 10,000 population to 0.37 per 10,000 population, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of − 0.29 (95% CI  − 0.52, − 0.06). Meanwhile, the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) decreased from 7.89 per 10,000 population to 6.74 per 10,000 population (EAPC =  − 0.50, 95% CI  − 0.66, − 0.33). Over the study period, the total number of deaths and DALYs increased by 161.10% and 131.38%, respectively. Marked regional disparities were observed: ASMR and ASDR trended upward in South and Southeast Asia, declined in high-income Asia–Pacific regions, and stayed relatively stable across East Asia, with Central Asia bearing the highest overall disease burden. In terms of age distribution, OC burden increased with advancing age, peaked in the 70–74 age group and then declined gradually. Both crude mortality rate (CMR) and crude DALY rate (CDR) exhibited rising tendencies among the elderly population. APC analysis revealed that the age effects for mortality and DALY rates increased among middle-aged and older adults but decreased in the advanced age groups. Period effects presented an overall upward trend, whereas cohort effects declined generally. Decomposition analysis identified population aging and population expansion as the primary drivers of the growth in absolute disease burden, and epidemiological transitions exerted a mitigating effect on the overall OC burden.</p> Conclusions <p>Based on estimations from the GBD 2021 framework, the age-standardized burden of OC attributable to occupational asbestos exposure has fallen across Asia. However, the absolute burden continues to climb due to population growth and aging, accompanied by prominent regional heterogeneity. Targeted interventions regarding data surveillance, exposure regulation, and occupational health policies are therefore urgently required for future prevention and control.</p>