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Context <p>Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic neuronal death. There is growing interest in identifying natural compounds that can intervene in these pathways. Banana peel, often regarded as agricultural waste, is known to be a rich source of bioactive flavonoids and vitamins with potential neuroprotective properties.</p> Aim <p>This study aims to explore the neuroprotective potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of banana peel (HAEBP), focusing on its phytochemical constituents, antioxidant capacity, modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.</p> Methodology <p>Banana peels were shade-dried and extracted using a hydroalcoholic solvent system. LC–MS analysis was performed to identify the major phytochemicals. <i>In silico</i> molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding affinities of these compounds, particularly quercetin, luteolin, and pyridoxine, against GABA receptors and NMDA-type glutamate receptors.<i> In vitro</i> antioxidant assays (SOD and catalase), GABA quantification, and ELISA for inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3) markers were conducted on treated neuronal cell cultures.</p> Results and discussion <p>LC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of several neuroactive compounds, notably flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, and the vitamin pyridoxine. Docking studies revealed that quercetin exhibited the highest binding affinity for both GABA and NMDA receptors, suggesting dual action on inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. HAEBP significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, increased GABA production, and modulated inflammatory and apoptotic signalling—upregulating Bcl-2 while downregulating Bax and caspase-3. The high quercetin content likely plays a central role in these neuroprotective effects.</p> Conclusion <p>HAEBP demonstrates substantial neuroprotective potential due to its rich flavonoid composition, especially quercetin. Through antioxidant enhancement, neurotransmitter modulation, and inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic processes, HAEBP presents a promising natural candidate for preventing or mitigating neurodegeneration. Further preclinical and <i>in vivo</i> validation is warranted.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>The graphical abstract illustrates the neuroprotective potential of hydroalcoholic extract of banana peel in epilepsy management, highlighting its antioxidant activity, modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.</p> <p></p>

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Neuroprotective potential of quercetin-enriched banana peel extract via GABA and NMDA receptors modulation: in silico and in vitro approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月28日

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  • Priyabrata Pradhan,
  • Vineet Kumar Rai,
  • Durgamadhab Kar,
  • Shakti Ketan Prusty,
  • Saroj Kumar Rout,
  • Goutam Ghosh,
  • Goutam Rath

摘要

Context

Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic neuronal death. There is growing interest in identifying natural compounds that can intervene in these pathways. Banana peel, often regarded as agricultural waste, is known to be a rich source of bioactive flavonoids and vitamins with potential neuroprotective properties.

Aim

This study aims to explore the neuroprotective potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of banana peel (HAEBP), focusing on its phytochemical constituents, antioxidant capacity, modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

Methodology

Banana peels were shade-dried and extracted using a hydroalcoholic solvent system. LC–MS analysis was performed to identify the major phytochemicals. In silico molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding affinities of these compounds, particularly quercetin, luteolin, and pyridoxine, against GABA receptors and NMDA-type glutamate receptors. In vitro antioxidant assays (SOD and catalase), GABA quantification, and ELISA for inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3) markers were conducted on treated neuronal cell cultures.

Results and discussion

LC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of several neuroactive compounds, notably flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, and the vitamin pyridoxine. Docking studies revealed that quercetin exhibited the highest binding affinity for both GABA and NMDA receptors, suggesting dual action on inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. HAEBP significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, increased GABA production, and modulated inflammatory and apoptotic signalling—upregulating Bcl-2 while downregulating Bax and caspase-3. The high quercetin content likely plays a central role in these neuroprotective effects.

Conclusion

HAEBP demonstrates substantial neuroprotective potential due to its rich flavonoid composition, especially quercetin. Through antioxidant enhancement, neurotransmitter modulation, and inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic processes, HAEBP presents a promising natural candidate for preventing or mitigating neurodegeneration. Further preclinical and in vivo validation is warranted.

Graphical Abstract

The graphical abstract illustrates the neuroprotective potential of hydroalcoholic extract of banana peel in epilepsy management, highlighting its antioxidant activity, modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.