Introduction <p>Propolis, resinous substance collected by bees from various plant sources, exhibits antimicrobial and protective properties. We performed a systematic review on the effects of propolis supplementation on gut microbiota in rodent models.</p> Methods <p>The PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched up to November, 2024. We systematically searched for experimental studies with rodent models evaluating the effect of propolis supplementation on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the CAMARADES and SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool.</p> Results <p>From 1792 studies screened, 12 were included in this review. Propolis supplementation showed significant benefits over the control group in modulating gut microbiota, including increased levels of short-chain fatty acids, antioxidative enzymes, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, propolis supplementation was associated with reduced tissue damage and inflammation. We also observed an increase in the diversity and abundance of beneficial gut bacteria.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings suggest that dietary propolis supplementation has promising potential for the modulation of gut microbiota.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>