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Background <p>The serum levels of some biochemical markers reflect an individual’s health status, particularly during infancy. This study aimed to compare the levels of serum vitamin D and lipid profile between two groups of infants: those exclusively breastfed and those fed with infant formula.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study enrolled a total of 160 pediatric participants (70 males, 90 females) aged between 3 days and 30 months (average age: 10.11 months) after obtaining informed consent. Serum levels of Vitamin D, LDL, HDL, TG, and COL were analyzed using routine methods on an Alpha Classic AT-Plus analyser.</p> Results <p>Infants consuming infant formula were found to have significantly higher levels of serum vitamin D compared to those exclusively breastfed (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the levels of various lipid profile factors, with the exception of triglycerides, were significantly higher in breastfed infants compared to formula-fed infants (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>Our findings indicate that infants in Iran who are exclusively breastfed may receive inadequate amounts of vitamin D, falling below the minimum recommended intake as well as the recommended dietary intake, resulting in an increased susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency, insufficient bone mineralization, and conditions such as rickets. Conversely, infants fed with formula milk exhibited higher serum vitamin D levels than their breastfed counterparts. Moreover, our study highlights the differential serum levels of lipid profile observed between infants consuming infant formula and those consuming breast milk.</p>

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Serum vitamin D and lipid profile differences between breastfed and Formula-fed infants

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Sara Ghazi Zadeh,
  • Hamid Reza Rahimi,
  • Melika Malek,
  • Kiana Rahimi,
  • Maryam Mohammadi-Bajgiran,
  • Gordon A. Ferns,
  • Khosrow Adeli,
  • Reza Assaran-Darban,
  • Majid Ghayour‐Mobarhan

摘要

Background

The serum levels of some biochemical markers reflect an individual’s health status, particularly during infancy. This study aimed to compare the levels of serum vitamin D and lipid profile between two groups of infants: those exclusively breastfed and those fed with infant formula.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled a total of 160 pediatric participants (70 males, 90 females) aged between 3 days and 30 months (average age: 10.11 months) after obtaining informed consent. Serum levels of Vitamin D, LDL, HDL, TG, and COL were analyzed using routine methods on an Alpha Classic AT-Plus analyser.

Results

Infants consuming infant formula were found to have significantly higher levels of serum vitamin D compared to those exclusively breastfed (p < 0.001). Moreover, the levels of various lipid profile factors, with the exception of triglycerides, were significantly higher in breastfed infants compared to formula-fed infants (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that infants in Iran who are exclusively breastfed may receive inadequate amounts of vitamin D, falling below the minimum recommended intake as well as the recommended dietary intake, resulting in an increased susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency, insufficient bone mineralization, and conditions such as rickets. Conversely, infants fed with formula milk exhibited higher serum vitamin D levels than their breastfed counterparts. Moreover, our study highlights the differential serum levels of lipid profile observed between infants consuming infant formula and those consuming breast milk.