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Objective <p>To assess how lower lip inclination and chin prominence interact to influence facial profile aesthetics and to establish evidence-based angular criteria for orthognathic treatment planning.</p> Methods <p>This study introduced a combined model using lower lip inclination angle (Li-Sbl) and lower lip-chin prominence angle (Lia-Pog′) to assess their interactive effects. Thirty standardized profile images combining three Li-Sbl angles (30°, 45°, 70°) with five Lia-Pog′ angles (0°–40°) were evaluated by 270 assessors (maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, skeletal Class II patients, laypeople) for aesthetic perceptions and surgical recommendations.</p> Results <p>Gender-specific optimal configurations were identified: females achieved highest scores (7.81–8.19) at Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 20°; males at Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 10°–20° or Li-Sbl 70°/Lia-Pog′ 0° (6.31–7.60). Significant Li-Sbl × Lia-Pog′ interactions demonstrated compensation mechanisms. Critically, Li-Sbl ≤ 30° yielded consistently low ratings (&lt; 5.0) regardless of chin positioning. Evaluator background significantly influenced perceptions and recommendations (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>The Li-Sbl × Lia-Pog′ model provides the first quantitative framework for orthognathic treatment planning. It addresses two clinical decision points: identifying borderline cases requiring multidisciplinary consultation, and determining surgical approach where the Li-Sbl ≤ 30° threshold indicates isolated genioplasty is insufficient. We recommend gender-specific targets: Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 20° for females; Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 10°–20° or Li-Sbl 70°/Lia-Pog′ 0° for males. This framework enables evidence-based orthognathic surgical decision-making, reducing reliance on subjective assessment and improving treatment predictability.</p>

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Lower lip inclination and chin prominence: interactive effects on facial aesthetics and implications for orthognathic treatment planning

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Zhipeng Gui,
  • Yueyang Hong,
  • Lei Hou,
  • Jiali Sun,
  • Jialiang Huang,
  • Mengmeng Lu

摘要

Objective

To assess how lower lip inclination and chin prominence interact to influence facial profile aesthetics and to establish evidence-based angular criteria for orthognathic treatment planning.

Methods

This study introduced a combined model using lower lip inclination angle (Li-Sbl) and lower lip-chin prominence angle (Lia-Pog′) to assess their interactive effects. Thirty standardized profile images combining three Li-Sbl angles (30°, 45°, 70°) with five Lia-Pog′ angles (0°–40°) were evaluated by 270 assessors (maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, skeletal Class II patients, laypeople) for aesthetic perceptions and surgical recommendations.

Results

Gender-specific optimal configurations were identified: females achieved highest scores (7.81–8.19) at Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 20°; males at Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 10°–20° or Li-Sbl 70°/Lia-Pog′ 0° (6.31–7.60). Significant Li-Sbl × Lia-Pog′ interactions demonstrated compensation mechanisms. Critically, Li-Sbl ≤ 30° yielded consistently low ratings (< 5.0) regardless of chin positioning. Evaluator background significantly influenced perceptions and recommendations (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The Li-Sbl × Lia-Pog′ model provides the first quantitative framework for orthognathic treatment planning. It addresses two clinical decision points: identifying borderline cases requiring multidisciplinary consultation, and determining surgical approach where the Li-Sbl ≤ 30° threshold indicates isolated genioplasty is insufficient. We recommend gender-specific targets: Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 20° for females; Li-Sbl 45°/Lia-Pog′ 10°–20° or Li-Sbl 70°/Lia-Pog′ 0° for males. This framework enables evidence-based orthognathic surgical decision-making, reducing reliance on subjective assessment and improving treatment predictability.