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Background <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), driven largely by atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Conventional lipid parameters such as total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) do not adequately reflect the complex lipid disturbances that characterize T2DM. Composite lipid-based indices offer inexpensive and integrative measures of cardiovascular risk, but their predictive utility in African populations remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the association between multiple atherogenic indices and 10-year estimated CVD risk in Nigerian adults with T2DM.</p> Methods <p>In this analytical cross-sectional study, 197 adults with T2DM aged 40–74 years without established CVD were included in the final analysis from an endocrinology clinic in Makurdi, Nigeria. Sociodemographic, clinical, and fasting lipid data were collected. Ten-year CVD risk was estimated using the World Health Organization (WHO) risk prediction laboratory-based chart for Western sub-Saharan Africa. Several atherogenic indices were derived, and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses was used to determine their comparative incremental predictive value beyond traditional risk factors like age, systolic blood pressure, diabetes duration, anti-lipid therapy, and anti-hypertensive therapy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed their discriminatory performance for elevated CVD risk (≥ 10%).</p> Results <p>Traditional risk factors accounted for 72.4% of the variance in estimated 10-year CVD risk. Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) demonstrated the strongest incremental predictive value, explaining an additional 6.2% of the variance (ΔR² = 0.062, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Other cholesterol-based ratios (CRI-II, CRI-I) added minor, significant value, but triglyceride-centric indices like the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) did not. However, none of the indices alone demonstrated significant discriminative power in ROC analysis.</p> Conclusions <p>In this study population, non-HDL-C significantly enhances the prediction of 10-year CVD risk beyond conventional factors, outperforming other cholesterol-based ratios. Triglyceride-centric indices, including AIP, offered no significant incremental value. Therefore, incorporating this low-cost index into existing risk assessment frameworks could strengthen early identification of high-risk individuals in resource-limited settings.</p> Clinical Trial Number <p>Not Applicable.</p>

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Lipid-based atherogenic indices and their relationship with cardiovascular disease risk in an African population of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Izuchukwu Nnachi Mba,
  • Bruno Basil,
  • Jamila Aminu Mohammed,
  • Chizoba Joseph Akujieze,
  • Blessing Kenechi Myke-Mbata

摘要

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), driven largely by atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Conventional lipid parameters such as total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) do not adequately reflect the complex lipid disturbances that characterize T2DM. Composite lipid-based indices offer inexpensive and integrative measures of cardiovascular risk, but their predictive utility in African populations remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the association between multiple atherogenic indices and 10-year estimated CVD risk in Nigerian adults with T2DM.

Methods

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 197 adults with T2DM aged 40–74 years without established CVD were included in the final analysis from an endocrinology clinic in Makurdi, Nigeria. Sociodemographic, clinical, and fasting lipid data were collected. Ten-year CVD risk was estimated using the World Health Organization (WHO) risk prediction laboratory-based chart for Western sub-Saharan Africa. Several atherogenic indices were derived, and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses was used to determine their comparative incremental predictive value beyond traditional risk factors like age, systolic blood pressure, diabetes duration, anti-lipid therapy, and anti-hypertensive therapy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed their discriminatory performance for elevated CVD risk (≥ 10%).

Results

Traditional risk factors accounted for 72.4% of the variance in estimated 10-year CVD risk. Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) demonstrated the strongest incremental predictive value, explaining an additional 6.2% of the variance (ΔR² = 0.062, p < 0.001). Other cholesterol-based ratios (CRI-II, CRI-I) added minor, significant value, but triglyceride-centric indices like the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) did not. However, none of the indices alone demonstrated significant discriminative power in ROC analysis.

Conclusions

In this study population, non-HDL-C significantly enhances the prediction of 10-year CVD risk beyond conventional factors, outperforming other cholesterol-based ratios. Triglyceride-centric indices, including AIP, offered no significant incremental value. Therefore, incorporating this low-cost index into existing risk assessment frameworks could strengthen early identification of high-risk individuals in resource-limited settings.

Clinical Trial Number

Not Applicable.