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Background <p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, various measures—including restrictions on children’s physical activities, such as national lockdowns (LD)—were implemented to contain its spread. These measures may have compromised motor development, particularly among children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (SEBs), who are typically less active than peers from higher SEBs. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on motor development in relation to SEB.</p> Methods <p>Data from 68,996 children in Germany (Age: 8.83 ± 0.56&#xa0;years, range: 6.4–13.0; 35,270 female, 51.1%) assessed between 2011/2012 and 2022/2023 were analyzed from the longitudinal study ‘Berlin hat Talent’. Assessments before and after the pandemic used the German Motor Fitness Test, covering endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility. Demographic data were collected via questionnaires; SEB was derived from official school-type classifications. Linear mixed-effect models accounted for hierarchical data: test values (level 1), motor domains (2a), participants (2b), and schools (3b). Motor performance was expressed as z-scores based on German reference percentiles. Effects of Time (pre, post LD I, post LD II), Motor Domain, and SEB (continuous, -2 to 2) were estimated, controlling for Age , Gender, and Secular Trends.</p> Results <p>The effect of Time was significant (<i>p</i> = .014, η<sup>2</sup> &lt; .01), with motor performance lower after LD II than pre-pandemic. Time × Motor Domain interaction showed motor domain-specific changes (<i>p</i> = .001, η<sup>2</sup> &lt; .01): endurance improved, while strength, coordination, and flexibility declined. Time × Motor Domain × SEB interaction was also significant (<i>p</i> &lt; .001, η<sup>2</sup> = .01), indicating that the effect of Time differed across motor domains depending on SEB. Adjusting for Secular Trends revealed that the pandemic’s overall impact (~ –4% across domains) was even stronger (<i>p</i> &lt; .001, η<sup>2</sup> = .29), with domain-specific changes to –15.47% to + 7.56%. The SEB gap slightly closed, as higher SEB groups declined more strongly (<i>p</i> &lt; .001, η<sup>2</sup> = .10).</p> Conclusions <p>The findings indicate domain-specific and SEB-related differences in motor performance during the pandemic, in particular after accounting for secular trends. Results underscore the need for ongoing monitoring and targeted support measures, particularly for children with lower SEB, during periods of disrupted daily activity.</p>

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Motor Performance Before, During and After COVID-19 and the Role of Socioeconomic Background: A 10-Year Cohort Study of 68,996 Third Grade Children

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Robert Stojan,
  • Katharina Utesch,
  • Ludwig Piesch,
  • Malte Jetzke,
  • Jochen Zinner,
  • Dirk Büsch,
  • Till Utesch

摘要

Background

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, various measures—including restrictions on children’s physical activities, such as national lockdowns (LD)—were implemented to contain its spread. These measures may have compromised motor development, particularly among children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (SEBs), who are typically less active than peers from higher SEBs. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on motor development in relation to SEB.

Methods

Data from 68,996 children in Germany (Age: 8.83 ± 0.56 years, range: 6.4–13.0; 35,270 female, 51.1%) assessed between 2011/2012 and 2022/2023 were analyzed from the longitudinal study ‘Berlin hat Talent’. Assessments before and after the pandemic used the German Motor Fitness Test, covering endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility. Demographic data were collected via questionnaires; SEB was derived from official school-type classifications. Linear mixed-effect models accounted for hierarchical data: test values (level 1), motor domains (2a), participants (2b), and schools (3b). Motor performance was expressed as z-scores based on German reference percentiles. Effects of Time (pre, post LD I, post LD II), Motor Domain, and SEB (continuous, -2 to 2) were estimated, controlling for Age , Gender, and Secular Trends.

Results

The effect of Time was significant (p = .014, η2 < .01), with motor performance lower after LD II than pre-pandemic. Time × Motor Domain interaction showed motor domain-specific changes (p = .001, η2 < .01): endurance improved, while strength, coordination, and flexibility declined. Time × Motor Domain × SEB interaction was also significant (p < .001, η2 = .01), indicating that the effect of Time differed across motor domains depending on SEB. Adjusting for Secular Trends revealed that the pandemic’s overall impact (~ –4% across domains) was even stronger (p < .001, η2 = .29), with domain-specific changes to –15.47% to + 7.56%. The SEB gap slightly closed, as higher SEB groups declined more strongly (p < .001, η2 = .10).

Conclusions

The findings indicate domain-specific and SEB-related differences in motor performance during the pandemic, in particular after accounting for secular trends. Results underscore the need for ongoing monitoring and targeted support measures, particularly for children with lower SEB, during periods of disrupted daily activity.