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<p>This study presents a novel dual-stage bioprocessing approach that transforms poultry feather waste into multifunctional silver nanoparticles (FWH-AgNPs) with enhanced bioactivity. <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> degradation of feather waste produced bioactive hydrolysate (FWH) with dramatically altered chemical composition, generating novel compounds including 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (25.66%) and cyclopropaneoctanoic acid methyl ester (23.02%). The FWH effectively synthesized spherical AgNPs (30–69 nm) with strong colloidal stability (−44.5 mV zeta potential) and characteristic surface plasmon resonance (420 nm). FWH-AgNPs demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy with 4–eightfold improved minimum inhibitory concentrations against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (125&#xa0;μg/mL), methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (250 μg/mL), <i>Aspergillus brasiliensis</i> (275&#xa0;μg/mL), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (125&#xa0;μg/mL). Comparable enhancements were also observed for <i>Serratia marcescens</i> (300 μg/mL) and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (325&#xa0;μg/mL), further confirming the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of FWH-AgNPs. Anticancer evaluation revealed selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC₅₀: 294.7&#xa0;μg/L) with favorable selectivity index (2.68) over normal fibroblasts. Optimized FWH-AgNPs achieved 87.38% larvicidal mortality against <i>Culex pipiens</i>, validated through Box-Behnken methodology. Mechanistic studies revealed systematic disruption of larval metabolism, including protein depletion, carbohydrate exhaustion, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, coupled with severe midgut epithelial damage. Molecular docking identified α1-sitosterol as the primary bioactive compound with strong binding affinities to antimicrobial targets (−7.1 to −7.4&#xa0;kcal/mol) and cancer receptors (−7.0 to −9.5&#xa0;kcal/mol). This integrated approach successfully addresses environmental waste management while generating high-value nanomaterials for biomedical and vector control applications, establishing a new paradigm for circular bioeconomy applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis-mediated feather hydrolysate: antimicrobial, larvicidal against culex pipiens, and anticancer activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Mohammed H. Alruhaili,
  • Samy Selim,
  • Eslam Adly,
  • Mohanned T. Alharbi,
  • Bassam M. Al-ahmadi,
  • Mutasem S. Almehayawi,
  • Soad K. Al Jaouni,
  • Salem S. Salem,
  • Samah H. Abu-Hussien

摘要

This study presents a novel dual-stage bioprocessing approach that transforms poultry feather waste into multifunctional silver nanoparticles (FWH-AgNPs) with enhanced bioactivity. Bacillus subtilis degradation of feather waste produced bioactive hydrolysate (FWH) with dramatically altered chemical composition, generating novel compounds including 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (25.66%) and cyclopropaneoctanoic acid methyl ester (23.02%). The FWH effectively synthesized spherical AgNPs (30–69 nm) with strong colloidal stability (−44.5 mV zeta potential) and characteristic surface plasmon resonance (420 nm). FWH-AgNPs demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy with 4–eightfold improved minimum inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125 μg/mL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (250 μg/mL), Aspergillus brasiliensis (275 μg/mL), and Candida albicans (125 μg/mL). Comparable enhancements were also observed for Serratia marcescens (300 μg/mL) and Bacillus cereus (325 μg/mL), further confirming the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of FWH-AgNPs. Anticancer evaluation revealed selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC₅₀: 294.7 μg/L) with favorable selectivity index (2.68) over normal fibroblasts. Optimized FWH-AgNPs achieved 87.38% larvicidal mortality against Culex pipiens, validated through Box-Behnken methodology. Mechanistic studies revealed systematic disruption of larval metabolism, including protein depletion, carbohydrate exhaustion, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, coupled with severe midgut epithelial damage. Molecular docking identified α1-sitosterol as the primary bioactive compound with strong binding affinities to antimicrobial targets (−7.1 to −7.4 kcal/mol) and cancer receptors (−7.0 to −9.5 kcal/mol). This integrated approach successfully addresses environmental waste management while generating high-value nanomaterials for biomedical and vector control applications, establishing a new paradigm for circular bioeconomy applications.

Graphical abstract