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<p> We present the first near-simultaneous observations of the altitudinal and latitudinal evolution of electron temperature (T<sub>e</sub>) in the topside ionosphere during a superstorm, using Swarm and DMSP data. During the 10-11 May storm, a strong prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) induced a superfountain effect, intensifying the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests and shifting them to mid-latitudes. This led to significant increases in plasma density (N<sub>e</sub>) at Swarm A (474 km) and DMSP&#xa0;(840 km) altitudes. At Swarm altitudes, T<sub>e</sub> increased by 1500 K within the EIA trough, while at DMSP altitudes, T<sub>e</sub> decreased by 1000 K in the EIA crests. Enhancement in the T<sub>e</sub> at Swarm altitudes results from reduced electron-ion cooling from rapid N<sub>e</sub> removal via upward EXB drift. Meanwhile, the elevated N<sub>e</sub> at DMSP altitudes likely reduced T<sub>e</sub> locally while enhancing heat conduction along magnetic field lines to Swarm altitudes. These novel observations highlight the crucial role of the EIA in regulating low-latitude T<sub>e</sub>, leading to a reversal in the topside ionospheric temperature structure during the evening-sector superstorm.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Superstorm-driven electron temperature (\(T_{e}\)) anomalies in the topside low-latitude ionosphere: role of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA)

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月23日

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  • P. R. Shreedevi,
  • Achuthan S. Nair,
  • Yoshizumi Miyoshi,
  • Stephan C. Buchert,
  • Yuichi Otsuka,
  • Atsuki Shinbori,
  • Lalitha G. Krishnan,
  • Septi Perwitasari,
  • Michi Nishioka

摘要

We present the first near-simultaneous observations of the altitudinal and latitudinal evolution of electron temperature (Te) in the topside ionosphere during a superstorm, using Swarm and DMSP data. During the 10-11 May storm, a strong prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) induced a superfountain effect, intensifying the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests and shifting them to mid-latitudes. This led to significant increases in plasma density (Ne) at Swarm A (474 km) and DMSP (840 km) altitudes. At Swarm altitudes, Te increased by 1500 K within the EIA trough, while at DMSP altitudes, Te decreased by 1000 K in the EIA crests. Enhancement in the Te at Swarm altitudes results from reduced electron-ion cooling from rapid Ne removal via upward EXB drift. Meanwhile, the elevated Ne at DMSP altitudes likely reduced Te locally while enhancing heat conduction along magnetic field lines to Swarm altitudes. These novel observations highlight the crucial role of the EIA in regulating low-latitude Te, leading to a reversal in the topside ionospheric temperature structure during the evening-sector superstorm.

Graphical Abstract