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<p>In this study, we conduct a statistical analysis of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) using the Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI) from 2013 to 2022 over South America. We concerned the occurrence of EPBs which appear between 21:00 LT and 05:00 LT, i.e., around the local midnight, for the four longitudinal sectors. The main goal is to examine the seasonal and solar cycle patterns of occurrence of the midnight EPBs, only for quiet time periods (Kp ≤ 3). We observed that (1) most of the midnight EPBs occur in proximity to the Amazon rainforest region (2) the seasonal pattern shows two peaks around April and September, with minimal occurrences during the solstices; and (3) the solar cycle dependency shows an anticorrelation with solar flux. The main controlling factors are likely to be mesospheric gravity waves originated from convective sources and mountain chains.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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On the fresh development of midnight plasma bubbles over South America

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Luiz Fillip Rodrigues Vital,
  • Jiyao Xu,
  • Yuichi Otsuka,
  • Toyese Tunde Ayorinde,
  • Hisao Takahashi,
  • Diego Barros,
  • Carolina de Sousa Carmo,
  • Cosme Alexandre Oliveira Barros Figueiredo,
  • Cristiano Max Wrasse,
  • Lourivaldo Mota Lima,
  • Igo Paulino,
  • Chi Wang,
  • Hui Li,
  • Liu Zhengkuan

摘要

In this study, we conduct a statistical analysis of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) using the Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI) from 2013 to 2022 over South America. We concerned the occurrence of EPBs which appear between 21:00 LT and 05:00 LT, i.e., around the local midnight, for the four longitudinal sectors. The main goal is to examine the seasonal and solar cycle patterns of occurrence of the midnight EPBs, only for quiet time periods (Kp ≤ 3). We observed that (1) most of the midnight EPBs occur in proximity to the Amazon rainforest region (2) the seasonal pattern shows two peaks around April and September, with minimal occurrences during the solstices; and (3) the solar cycle dependency shows an anticorrelation with solar flux. The main controlling factors are likely to be mesospheric gravity waves originated from convective sources and mountain chains.

Graphical Abstract