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<p>Rising ambient temperatures associated with global climate change present a major threat to plant productivity by imposing heat stress (HS) that disrupts cellular, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. HS leads to protein unfolding, aggregation, and inactivation, with consequent perturbation of metabolic pathways, impaired growth, and yield losses. This review elucidates comprehensive details of how the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) maintains proteostasis through diverse pathways in plants exposed to elevated temperatures. Plants deploy ubiquitination, a highly conserved post-translational modification, as a key remedial mechanism to restore proteome homeostasis and support thermotolerance. Ubiquitination proceeds via an enzymatic cascade (E1-E2-E3) that selectively tags damaged or misfolded proteins for degradation by the 26&#xa0;S proteasome or for processing via the autophagy lysosome pathway. In plants, the expanded repertoire of ubiquitin E3 ligases provides substrate specificity and enables integration of stress signalling, developmental control, and protein quality-control systems. E3 ligases include various pathways such as XBAT31, which mediates reproductive thermotolerance by ubiquitinating heat shock factor repressors; COP1, which links thermal and light-mediated cues via the COP1–HY5–PIF4 axis; PUB63, an early heat-responsive U-box E3 in rice that supports protein-quality control; and KEG, which integrates ubiquitin-mediated regulation of hormone and stress signalling networks. Moreover, the interplay between ubiquitination and selective autophagy ensures that ubiquitinated aggregates are recognized (NBR1) and delivered to autophagosomes, while N-degron regulation of ATG8a fine-tunes autophagic flux during HS. Through these coordinated ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy-driven clearance mechanisms, plants preserve proteome integrity, maintain cellular function, and achieve adaptive recovery under extreme temperatures. Understanding these ubiquitination-centred regulatory networks is essential for developing chemical and biological technologies to engineer heat-resilient crops. Such interventions hold promise for sustainable agricultural production under warming climates by integrating molecular insights with applied technologies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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An insight into the pivotal roles of ubiquitination in mediating plant responses to heat stress through diverse pathways and modules

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月28日

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  • Qaisar Khan,
  • Wenxi Jia,
  • Qi Shi,
  • Zhijie He,
  • Junxian Ye,
  • Kangtong Xu,
  • Yixi Wang,
  • Hui Yang,
  • Gengshou Xia,
  • Yan Zhang

摘要

Rising ambient temperatures associated with global climate change present a major threat to plant productivity by imposing heat stress (HS) that disrupts cellular, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. HS leads to protein unfolding, aggregation, and inactivation, with consequent perturbation of metabolic pathways, impaired growth, and yield losses. This review elucidates comprehensive details of how the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) maintains proteostasis through diverse pathways in plants exposed to elevated temperatures. Plants deploy ubiquitination, a highly conserved post-translational modification, as a key remedial mechanism to restore proteome homeostasis and support thermotolerance. Ubiquitination proceeds via an enzymatic cascade (E1-E2-E3) that selectively tags damaged or misfolded proteins for degradation by the 26 S proteasome or for processing via the autophagy lysosome pathway. In plants, the expanded repertoire of ubiquitin E3 ligases provides substrate specificity and enables integration of stress signalling, developmental control, and protein quality-control systems. E3 ligases include various pathways such as XBAT31, which mediates reproductive thermotolerance by ubiquitinating heat shock factor repressors; COP1, which links thermal and light-mediated cues via the COP1–HY5–PIF4 axis; PUB63, an early heat-responsive U-box E3 in rice that supports protein-quality control; and KEG, which integrates ubiquitin-mediated regulation of hormone and stress signalling networks. Moreover, the interplay between ubiquitination and selective autophagy ensures that ubiquitinated aggregates are recognized (NBR1) and delivered to autophagosomes, while N-degron regulation of ATG8a fine-tunes autophagic flux during HS. Through these coordinated ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy-driven clearance mechanisms, plants preserve proteome integrity, maintain cellular function, and achieve adaptive recovery under extreme temperatures. Understanding these ubiquitination-centred regulatory networks is essential for developing chemical and biological technologies to engineer heat-resilient crops. Such interventions hold promise for sustainable agricultural production under warming climates by integrating molecular insights with applied technologies.

Graphical abstract