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Background <p>The Circle Test is a drawing-based task for assessing time perspective, but conventional paper-and-pencil administration requires substantial human resources for scoring and quantification, limiting its scalability for large or remote surveys to be conducted. We developed an online web-based circle test with automated scoring and evaluated its validity and reliability.</p> Methods <p>Thirty-six Japanese undergraduates completed both the Online Circle Test (OL-CT) and paper-and-pencil Circle Test (PP-CT) in a counterbalanced crossover design (Visit 1) and repeated the OL-CT after 7–9days either in the laboratory or at home (Visit 2). Continuous indices included log-transformed absolute and proportional areas, and categorical indices included temporal dominance and temporal relatedness. Analyses evaluated (a) cross-format equivalence between PP-CT and OL-CT, (b) one-week test–retest reliability of the OL-CT, and (c) contextual stability across laboratory versus home administration.</p> Results <p>Cross-format equivalence was moderate for log-transformed absolute areas (ICC = 0.73–0.77) but excellent for proportional areas (ICC = 0.89–0.90). The categorical agreement was high (88.9%), with no systematic category shift. One-week test-retest reliability was moderate-to-excellent for absolute areas (ICC = 0.69–0.89) and excellent for proportional areas (ICC = 0.93–0.95). Categorical stability was also high (temporal dominance: 91.7%, κ = 0.88; temporal relatedness: 86.0%, κ = 0.76). The OL-CT indices did not differ between the laboratory and home retesting contexts.</p> Conclusion <p>In this Japanese undergraduate sample, the OL-CT showed promising preliminary psychometric properties as a digital adaptation of the Circle Test, particularly when proportional indices are treated as the primary continuous outcomes. The findings support its potential use as a scalable tool for assessing time perspective across formats, over a one-week interval, and across testing contexts.</p>

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Validating the Online Circle Test (OL-CT): cross-format equivalence, one-week reliability, and contextual stability in Japanese undergraduates

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Hailong Han,
  • Akira Midorikawa

摘要

Background

The Circle Test is a drawing-based task for assessing time perspective, but conventional paper-and-pencil administration requires substantial human resources for scoring and quantification, limiting its scalability for large or remote surveys to be conducted. We developed an online web-based circle test with automated scoring and evaluated its validity and reliability.

Methods

Thirty-six Japanese undergraduates completed both the Online Circle Test (OL-CT) and paper-and-pencil Circle Test (PP-CT) in a counterbalanced crossover design (Visit 1) and repeated the OL-CT after 7–9days either in the laboratory or at home (Visit 2). Continuous indices included log-transformed absolute and proportional areas, and categorical indices included temporal dominance and temporal relatedness. Analyses evaluated (a) cross-format equivalence between PP-CT and OL-CT, (b) one-week test–retest reliability of the OL-CT, and (c) contextual stability across laboratory versus home administration.

Results

Cross-format equivalence was moderate for log-transformed absolute areas (ICC = 0.73–0.77) but excellent for proportional areas (ICC = 0.89–0.90). The categorical agreement was high (88.9%), with no systematic category shift. One-week test-retest reliability was moderate-to-excellent for absolute areas (ICC = 0.69–0.89) and excellent for proportional areas (ICC = 0.93–0.95). Categorical stability was also high (temporal dominance: 91.7%, κ = 0.88; temporal relatedness: 86.0%, κ = 0.76). The OL-CT indices did not differ between the laboratory and home retesting contexts.

Conclusion

In this Japanese undergraduate sample, the OL-CT showed promising preliminary psychometric properties as a digital adaptation of the Circle Test, particularly when proportional indices are treated as the primary continuous outcomes. The findings support its potential use as a scalable tool for assessing time perspective across formats, over a one-week interval, and across testing contexts.