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<p>The period from conception through preschool age represents a critical developmental window for both microbiome and brain. During this time, several modifiable factors may influence development via the gut-brain axis, including the mode of delivery, exposure to antibiotics, maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and sensitive, emotionally responsive caregiving. Infants born preterm (&lt;37 weeks gestation) face numerous challenges that can perturb their developing gut microbiome as well as neurobehavioral trajectories. Biological and medical risks are exacerbated by stressful social context conditions. Understanding the complex mechanisms shaping the gut-brain axis and identifying modifiable protective factors is key to help define specific target groups and critical windows for individualized prevention of adverse outcomes after preterm birth. Today, a large knowledge gap exists on (a) how gut, brain, and behavioral development interact over time, and (b) which social and modifiable factors are key drivers of this interaction that could be harnessed for treatment and intervention. Translational research on the gut-brain axis after preterm birth is critically needed. Future studies should consider intentional sampling for variation in social factors such as level of education and immigrant background to identify populations that are susceptible to microbiome modifications and provide more evidence of how interventions might optimize long-term outcomes.</p>

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Intersectionality of early developmental risks and resilience after preterm birth

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Julia Jäkel,
  • Janika Ludwig,
  • Britta Hüning,
  • Ursula Felderhoff-Müser,
  • Christoph Härtel

摘要

The period from conception through preschool age represents a critical developmental window for both microbiome and brain. During this time, several modifiable factors may influence development via the gut-brain axis, including the mode of delivery, exposure to antibiotics, maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and sensitive, emotionally responsive caregiving. Infants born preterm (<37 weeks gestation) face numerous challenges that can perturb their developing gut microbiome as well as neurobehavioral trajectories. Biological and medical risks are exacerbated by stressful social context conditions. Understanding the complex mechanisms shaping the gut-brain axis and identifying modifiable protective factors is key to help define specific target groups and critical windows for individualized prevention of adverse outcomes after preterm birth. Today, a large knowledge gap exists on (a) how gut, brain, and behavioral development interact over time, and (b) which social and modifiable factors are key drivers of this interaction that could be harnessed for treatment and intervention. Translational research on the gut-brain axis after preterm birth is critically needed. Future studies should consider intentional sampling for variation in social factors such as level of education and immigrant background to identify populations that are susceptible to microbiome modifications and provide more evidence of how interventions might optimize long-term outcomes.