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<p>The article describes the research on the impact of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) on the mechanical and microstructural properties of cement mortars, with a focus on compressive and flexural strength. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with biochar in amounts of 2%, 5%, and 10% by weight, at two different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The research included a wide range of analyses, such as workability tests, strength tests after 7 and 28&#xa0;days, microstructural examinations (using SEM, EDX, XRD) and fire resistance tests. The analysis showed that increasing biochar content reduced workability, especially at lower w/c ratios. At w/c = 0.5, the addition of biochar generally led to reduced compressive and flexural strength, particularly after 28&#xa0;days. However, at w/c = 0.6, biochar significantly improved strength properties, with 2–5% being the most beneficial content. The study attributes the strength improvement to the filler effect, internal curing potential, and enhanced hydration due to biochar’s porous structure, which initially absorbs and later releases water. Microstructural analysis confirmed that biochar was well integrated into the cement matrix and facilitated the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) gels. Fire resistance tests further revealed that biochar-containing samples maintained higher compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures compared to the control samples. Overall, the study concludes that sewage sludge biochar has promising potential as a partial cement substitute, particularly at optimal doses (≤ 5%) and higher w/c ratios, contributing to sustainability goals in the construction sector.</p>

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The Influence of the Water–Cement Ratio on the Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars with the Addition of Sewage Sludge Biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska,
  • Marta Kosior-Kazberuk,
  • Krzysztof Granatyr,
  • Clara Hammersley,
  • Hussein Cadsoch,
  • Hwa Kian Chai

摘要

The article describes the research on the impact of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) on the mechanical and microstructural properties of cement mortars, with a focus on compressive and flexural strength. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with biochar in amounts of 2%, 5%, and 10% by weight, at two different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The research included a wide range of analyses, such as workability tests, strength tests after 7 and 28 days, microstructural examinations (using SEM, EDX, XRD) and fire resistance tests. The analysis showed that increasing biochar content reduced workability, especially at lower w/c ratios. At w/c = 0.5, the addition of biochar generally led to reduced compressive and flexural strength, particularly after 28 days. However, at w/c = 0.6, biochar significantly improved strength properties, with 2–5% being the most beneficial content. The study attributes the strength improvement to the filler effect, internal curing potential, and enhanced hydration due to biochar’s porous structure, which initially absorbs and later releases water. Microstructural analysis confirmed that biochar was well integrated into the cement matrix and facilitated the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) gels. Fire resistance tests further revealed that biochar-containing samples maintained higher compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures compared to the control samples. Overall, the study concludes that sewage sludge biochar has promising potential as a partial cement substitute, particularly at optimal doses (≤ 5%) and higher w/c ratios, contributing to sustainability goals in the construction sector.