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Background <p>The aging population and medical advancements have led to a rise in chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease, giving rise to the concept of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. The estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) is an important surrogate marker of insulin sensitivity; however, its longitudinal impact on CVD risk across CKM syndrome stages 0 to 3 remains unclear.</p> Methods <p>Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). After excluding participants lacking CKM stage 0–3 diagnostic indicators and those with incomplete data, a total of 3,503 eligible individuals were included. eGDR was calculated based on waist circumference, hypertension status, and HbA1c level. K-means clustering was applied to classify participants into five distinct trajectories based on eGDR dynamics. Cox proportional hazards models with increasing levels of adjustment were constructed to examine the association between eGDR and incident CVD. Additionally, restricted cubic spline (RCS) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were conducted for further evaluation.</p> Results <p>During a three-year follow-up, 504 participants (14.39%) developed CVD. Compared with participants in the persistently high eGDR group (Class 1), the fully adjusted Cox models revealed significantly increased CVD risk in Class 4 (HR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.46–2.77; P &lt; 0.001), and Class 5 (HR = 2.09; 95% CI 1.16–3.97; P &lt; 0.05), while no significant association was observed for Class 2 and Class3. When cumulative eGDR was treated as a continuous variable, each unit increase in eGDR was associated with a 7% reduction in CVD risk (HR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.90–0.96; P &lt; 0.001). Participants in the highest cumulative eGDR quintile exhibited a 66% lower risk of CVD compared to those in the lowest quintile in the fully adjusted model. RCS analysis showed an overall inverse relationship between cumulative eGDR and CVD risk, with a marked risk reduction when cumulative eGDR exceeded 28.5 (P for non-linearity &gt; 0.05). WQS regression further identified waist circumference as the most influential component of eGDR in relation to CVD risk.</p> Conclusion <p>Lower cumulative eGDR and unfavorable eGDR trajectories are significantly associated with increased CVD risk among individuals in CKM stages 0–3. These findings suggest that monitoring eGDR may enhance early CVD risk prediction and guide prevention strategies in this population.</p>

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Longitudinal changes in estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of cardiovascular disease among adults with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome stages 0–3: a nationwide prospective cohort study

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Xiaoming Zhang,
  • Rui Zeng,
  • Zhigang Wu,
  • Yi Xiao,
  • Siyi Wang,
  • Yufei Zeng,
  • Tenghui Fan,
  • Huajing Wu,
  • Kun Huang,
  • Wan Zhu,
  • Fayi Xie,
  • Ke Zhu,
  • Dongmei Ye,
  • Zhiqi Jiang,
  • Aizhang Zhu,
  • Lihuan Chen,
  • Mengxia Shi,
  • Mingxing Lai,
  • Ruohan Wu,
  • Yunfeng Liu,
  • Jiahui Bian,
  • Xiaotong Sun,
  • Jiang Wang,
  • Wenwu Zhang,
  • Yunzhi Yang

摘要

Background

The aging population and medical advancements have led to a rise in chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease, giving rise to the concept of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. The estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) is an important surrogate marker of insulin sensitivity; however, its longitudinal impact on CVD risk across CKM syndrome stages 0 to 3 remains unclear.

Methods

Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). After excluding participants lacking CKM stage 0–3 diagnostic indicators and those with incomplete data, a total of 3,503 eligible individuals were included. eGDR was calculated based on waist circumference, hypertension status, and HbA1c level. K-means clustering was applied to classify participants into five distinct trajectories based on eGDR dynamics. Cox proportional hazards models with increasing levels of adjustment were constructed to examine the association between eGDR and incident CVD. Additionally, restricted cubic spline (RCS) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were conducted for further evaluation.

Results

During a three-year follow-up, 504 participants (14.39%) developed CVD. Compared with participants in the persistently high eGDR group (Class 1), the fully adjusted Cox models revealed significantly increased CVD risk in Class 4 (HR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.46–2.77; P < 0.001), and Class 5 (HR = 2.09; 95% CI 1.16–3.97; P < 0.05), while no significant association was observed for Class 2 and Class3. When cumulative eGDR was treated as a continuous variable, each unit increase in eGDR was associated with a 7% reduction in CVD risk (HR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.90–0.96; P < 0.001). Participants in the highest cumulative eGDR quintile exhibited a 66% lower risk of CVD compared to those in the lowest quintile in the fully adjusted model. RCS analysis showed an overall inverse relationship between cumulative eGDR and CVD risk, with a marked risk reduction when cumulative eGDR exceeded 28.5 (P for non-linearity > 0.05). WQS regression further identified waist circumference as the most influential component of eGDR in relation to CVD risk.

Conclusion

Lower cumulative eGDR and unfavorable eGDR trajectories are significantly associated with increased CVD risk among individuals in CKM stages 0–3. These findings suggest that monitoring eGDR may enhance early CVD risk prediction and guide prevention strategies in this population.