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Background <p>Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is characterized by impaired wound healing and chronic inflammation, partly driven by the excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the molecular mediators linking NETs to failed tissue regeneration remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify and validate novel NETs-associated biomarkers in DFU using an integrative bioinformatics and machine learning approach.</p> Methods <p>Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the GEO dataset GSE134431. These DEGs were intersected with a NETs-related gene set to identify NETs-associated DEGs (NETDEGs). LASSO logistic regression and Random Forest algorithms were applied to the NETDEGs to select key feature genes. The top candidate, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2), was validated in two independent datasets (GSE7014 and GSE147890). Its expression was further confirmed in human DFU tissues and diabetic mouse models using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of a high-glucose environment on FGFR2 expression in neutrophils was assessed in vitro. Finally, molecular docking technique was used to screen for existing drugs targeting FGFR2, with top candidates validated at the cellular level.</p> Results <p>Our analysis identified FGFR2 as a key downregulated gene at the intersection of DFU pathology and NETs-related pathways. FGFR2 expression was significantly reduced in DFU tissues across all datasets and in our experimental models, where its downregulation correlated with increased NETs accumulation. FGFR2 demonstrated strong diagnostic potential, with an AUC of 1.00 in the training set. In vitro, high glucose conditions suppressed FGFR2 expression in neutrophils. From 32 glucose-lowering drugs, Canagliflozin and Gliquidone were found to significantly upregulate FGFR2 protein expression in neutrophils, suggesting a potential modulatory effect.</p> Conclusions <p>FGFR2 is a promising potential biomarker associated with NET-driven inflammation in DFU. Its downregulation in the diabetic wound microenvironment and its modulation by existing pharmacological agents suggest that targeting the FGFR2 pathway may be a viable future therapeutic strategy for improving DFU healing outcomes. Further preclinical validation is warranted.</p>

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FGFR2 identified as a NETs-associated biomarker and therapeutic target in diabetic foot ulcers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月13日

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  • Linrui Dai,
  • Shunli Rui,
  • Mengling Yang,
  • Shiyan Yu,
  • Qingqing Chen,
  • Hongyan Wang,
  • Bo Deng,
  • Liling Deng,
  • Wei Hao,
  • Xiaohua Wu,
  • David G. Armstrong,
  • Zhidong Cao,
  • Xiaodong Duan,
  • Wuquan Deng

摘要

Background

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is characterized by impaired wound healing and chronic inflammation, partly driven by the excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the molecular mediators linking NETs to failed tissue regeneration remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify and validate novel NETs-associated biomarkers in DFU using an integrative bioinformatics and machine learning approach.

Methods

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the GEO dataset GSE134431. These DEGs were intersected with a NETs-related gene set to identify NETs-associated DEGs (NETDEGs). LASSO logistic regression and Random Forest algorithms were applied to the NETDEGs to select key feature genes. The top candidate, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2), was validated in two independent datasets (GSE7014 and GSE147890). Its expression was further confirmed in human DFU tissues and diabetic mouse models using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of a high-glucose environment on FGFR2 expression in neutrophils was assessed in vitro. Finally, molecular docking technique was used to screen for existing drugs targeting FGFR2, with top candidates validated at the cellular level.

Results

Our analysis identified FGFR2 as a key downregulated gene at the intersection of DFU pathology and NETs-related pathways. FGFR2 expression was significantly reduced in DFU tissues across all datasets and in our experimental models, where its downregulation correlated with increased NETs accumulation. FGFR2 demonstrated strong diagnostic potential, with an AUC of 1.00 in the training set. In vitro, high glucose conditions suppressed FGFR2 expression in neutrophils. From 32 glucose-lowering drugs, Canagliflozin and Gliquidone were found to significantly upregulate FGFR2 protein expression in neutrophils, suggesting a potential modulatory effect.

Conclusions

FGFR2 is a promising potential biomarker associated with NET-driven inflammation in DFU. Its downregulation in the diabetic wound microenvironment and its modulation by existing pharmacological agents suggest that targeting the FGFR2 pathway may be a viable future therapeutic strategy for improving DFU healing outcomes. Further preclinical validation is warranted.