<p>Let <i>X</i>, <i>Y</i> be two real normed spaces with dimension <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$X\geq 2$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>Y</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$f:X\rightarrow Y$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$f\neq 0$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) be a map which preserves equality of phase-distance with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$f(0)=0$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, i.e., <Equation ID="Equa"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_Equa.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="523" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">∥</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>,</mo> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \{ \|f(x)+f(y)\|, \|f(x)-f(y)\| \}=\{ \rho (\|x+y\|), \rho (\|x-y\|) \},\; \forall \; x,y\in X, \)</EquationSource> </Equation> for some function <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="138" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\rho :[0,\infty )\rightarrow [0,\infty )$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, we prove that if <i>f</i> is surjective or <i>Y</i> is strictly convex, then <i>f</i> is phase equivalent to a linear map. More precisely, <Equation ID="Equb"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_Equb.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="84" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f=\lambda \sigma \cdot T, \)</EquationSource> </Equation> where <i>λ</i> is a non-zero real number, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="125" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\sigma : X\rightarrow \{-1, 1\}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a phase function and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>Y</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T: X\rightarrow Y$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a linear isometry. Counter example for the case when dimension <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13660_2025_3358_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$X=1$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is also presented.</p>

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Maps which preserve equality of phase-distance

  • Wenting Wang,
  • Yunfei Tian,
  • Hailong Zhang,
  • Chenglong Liu,
  • Qing Xu,
  • Yizhe Nie

摘要

Let X, Y be two real normed spaces with dimension X 2 $X\geq 2$ and f : X Y $f:X\rightarrow Y$ ( f 0 $f\neq 0$ ) be a map which preserves equality of phase-distance with f ( 0 ) = 0 $f(0)=0$ , i.e., { f ( x ) + f ( y ) , f ( x ) f ( y ) } = { ρ ( x + y ) , ρ ( x y ) } , x , y X , \( \{ \|f(x)+f(y)\|, \|f(x)-f(y)\| \}=\{ \rho (\|x+y\|), \rho (\|x-y\|) \},\; \forall \; x,y\in X, \) for some function ρ : [ 0 , ) [ 0 , ) $\rho :[0,\infty )\rightarrow [0,\infty )$ . In this paper, we prove that if f is surjective or Y is strictly convex, then f is phase equivalent to a linear map. More precisely, f = λ σ T , \( f=\lambda \sigma \cdot T, \) where λ is a non-zero real number, σ : X { 1 , 1 } $\sigma : X\rightarrow \{-1, 1\}$ is a phase function and T : X Y $T: X\rightarrow Y$ is a linear isometry. Counter example for the case when dimension X = 1 $X=1$ is also presented.