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<p>The integration of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) is a cornerstone of modern IoT and Industrial IoT (IIoT) frameworks. These systems generally consist of resource-limited devices that rely on IEEE 802.15.4 connectivity and the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) MAC protocol. Although earlier studies introduced the Modified Bidirectional IPv6 Multicast Protocol (MBMRF) to mitigate multicast challenges within TSCH-based WSANs, those evaluations relied primarily on random network topologies. This paper builds upon that foundation by introducing a new theoretical framework aimed at examining end-to-end multicast latency across the entire routing path. To achieve greater analytical precision, we shift our focus from random deployments to constrained topologies featuring deliberate node placement. Our cross-layer evaluation fills a significant gap in the literature by incorporating routing-layer latency, an area often overlooked in studies restricted to MAC layer performance. Additionally, we introduce a dedicated analytical framework for RPL-enabled WSANs that accounts for synchronous TSCH scheduling, representing a distinct improvement over traditional asynchronous Contiki/RDC models. The proposed protocol and model are rigorously evaluated using three key performance metrics: average multicast packet delivery delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption. Through Cooja-based simulations utilizing Zolertia (Z1) hardware, we verify our theoretical model across the transport, network, MAC, and RDC layers. Our findings indicate that MBMRF reduces latency and improves PDR by employing link-layer (LL) unicast for smaller multicast groups, while concurrently improving energy efficiency through a mixed mode that switches to LL broadcast as node density increases. The high degree of alignment between our analytical findings and simulation data demonstrates the reliability of the model in representing the intricate nature of multicast traffic within industrial scale wireless environments.</p>

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Simulation and performance analysis of the MBMRF protocol for TSCH-based WSANs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Eden Teshome Hunde,
  • Shereen Ismail,
  • Razi Iqbal

摘要

The integration of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) is a cornerstone of modern IoT and Industrial IoT (IIoT) frameworks. These systems generally consist of resource-limited devices that rely on IEEE 802.15.4 connectivity and the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) MAC protocol. Although earlier studies introduced the Modified Bidirectional IPv6 Multicast Protocol (MBMRF) to mitigate multicast challenges within TSCH-based WSANs, those evaluations relied primarily on random network topologies. This paper builds upon that foundation by introducing a new theoretical framework aimed at examining end-to-end multicast latency across the entire routing path. To achieve greater analytical precision, we shift our focus from random deployments to constrained topologies featuring deliberate node placement. Our cross-layer evaluation fills a significant gap in the literature by incorporating routing-layer latency, an area often overlooked in studies restricted to MAC layer performance. Additionally, we introduce a dedicated analytical framework for RPL-enabled WSANs that accounts for synchronous TSCH scheduling, representing a distinct improvement over traditional asynchronous Contiki/RDC models. The proposed protocol and model are rigorously evaluated using three key performance metrics: average multicast packet delivery delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption. Through Cooja-based simulations utilizing Zolertia (Z1) hardware, we verify our theoretical model across the transport, network, MAC, and RDC layers. Our findings indicate that MBMRF reduces latency and improves PDR by employing link-layer (LL) unicast for smaller multicast groups, while concurrently improving energy efficiency through a mixed mode that switches to LL broadcast as node density increases. The high degree of alignment between our analytical findings and simulation data demonstrates the reliability of the model in representing the intricate nature of multicast traffic within industrial scale wireless environments.