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<p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are crucial in many applications; hence, it is important to have routing algorithms that are energy-efficient in order to extend the lifespan of the network. The presence of nodes with different capabilities and energy levels in heterogeneous WSNs presents substantial hurdles in attaining the objective. This paper presents a new energy-efficient cluster-based routing technique that utilizes the spotted hyena optimization for cluster head selection (SHO-CH), specifically designed for heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed SHO-CH method seeks to improve energy efficiency and prolong the lifespan of the network by optimizing the development of clusters and routing. The results of simulations show that SHO-CH far outshines existing protocols such as PSOBS, PSOGSA, GAOC, PSO-ECSM, and NEHCP. Findings show that compared to the better baseline, SHO-CH prolongs the stability time 46.21% and the network lifetime 43.34%, by 49.46% of throughput, when compared to the NEHCP protocol. Such enhancements demonstrate the protocol’s potential to synergistically reduce energy usage while enhancing the operational longevity of WSNs, rendering it a resilient alternative in energy-restricted surroundings.</p>

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Enhanced energy-efficient cluster-based routing with spotted hyena optimization in heterogeneous WSNs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月21日

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  • Ved Prakash,
  • Suman Pandey,
  • Biswa Mohan Sahoo

摘要

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are crucial in many applications; hence, it is important to have routing algorithms that are energy-efficient in order to extend the lifespan of the network. The presence of nodes with different capabilities and energy levels in heterogeneous WSNs presents substantial hurdles in attaining the objective. This paper presents a new energy-efficient cluster-based routing technique that utilizes the spotted hyena optimization for cluster head selection (SHO-CH), specifically designed for heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed SHO-CH method seeks to improve energy efficiency and prolong the lifespan of the network by optimizing the development of clusters and routing. The results of simulations show that SHO-CH far outshines existing protocols such as PSOBS, PSOGSA, GAOC, PSO-ECSM, and NEHCP. Findings show that compared to the better baseline, SHO-CH prolongs the stability time 46.21% and the network lifetime 43.34%, by 49.46% of throughput, when compared to the NEHCP protocol. Such enhancements demonstrate the protocol’s potential to synergistically reduce energy usage while enhancing the operational longevity of WSNs, rendering it a resilient alternative in energy-restricted surroundings.