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Background <p>Skeletal muscle dysfunction and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> in the blood, or hypercapnia, are both associated with higher mortality in acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Hypercapnia-, aging and autophagy dysfunction-induced skeletal muscle phenotypes are highly overlapping. While DNA methylation regulates aging-associated cellular processes, no comparative study of CO<sub>2</sub>- and age-induced changes in skeletal muscle has ever been conducted. Moreover, while previously reported skeletal muscle DNA methylation analyses involve about 1% of the genomic areas susceptible to this epigenetic modification, hypercapnia- and age-induced DNA methylation changes have never been investigated at the whole genome level.</p> Methods <p>C57BL/6 mice previously exposed to normo- and hypercapnia were compared with room air-maintained aged animals of similar background. Muscles from these mice were processed for whole genome methylation sequencing (WGMS) and RNA sequencing. The overlap between hypercapnia- and age-induced DNA methylation and transcript expression levels were established. Skeletal muscle-specific autophagy genetic ablation and mass spectrometry analyses were conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms regulating hypercapnia-induced DNA methylation changes.</p> Results <p>Hypercapnic mice demonstrate aberrant DNA methylation patterns in comparison to animals never exposed to elevated CO<sub>2</sub>. These animals also elicit changes in myofiber type composition and protracted muscle mass deterioration even after returning to normocapnia. While aging leads to consistent DNA methylation changes over time, these epigenetic changes do not overlap with CO<sub>2</sub>-induced differential methylation. Hypercapnia does not regulate the methylome via autophagy or substrate imbalance-related mechanisms.</p> Conclusion <p>Hypercapnia causes durable muscle wasting that persists even after regaining ambient air environment, which is associated with a perturbed methylome landscape. High CO<sub>2</sub>-induced DNA methylation changes do not overlap with age-induced differentially methylation positions and are independent of substrate imbalances and autophagy regulation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Long-term DNA methylation changes induced by age and elevated CO2 in skeletal muscle

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Joseph Balnis,
  • Andy Madrid,
  • Emily L. Jackson,
  • Lisa A. Drake,
  • Catherine E. Vincent,
  • Harold A. Singer,
  • Reid S. Alisch,
  • Ariel Jaitovich

摘要

Background

Skeletal muscle dysfunction and elevated CO2 in the blood, or hypercapnia, are both associated with higher mortality in acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Hypercapnia-, aging and autophagy dysfunction-induced skeletal muscle phenotypes are highly overlapping. While DNA methylation regulates aging-associated cellular processes, no comparative study of CO2- and age-induced changes in skeletal muscle has ever been conducted. Moreover, while previously reported skeletal muscle DNA methylation analyses involve about 1% of the genomic areas susceptible to this epigenetic modification, hypercapnia- and age-induced DNA methylation changes have never been investigated at the whole genome level.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice previously exposed to normo- and hypercapnia were compared with room air-maintained aged animals of similar background. Muscles from these mice were processed for whole genome methylation sequencing (WGMS) and RNA sequencing. The overlap between hypercapnia- and age-induced DNA methylation and transcript expression levels were established. Skeletal muscle-specific autophagy genetic ablation and mass spectrometry analyses were conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms regulating hypercapnia-induced DNA methylation changes.

Results

Hypercapnic mice demonstrate aberrant DNA methylation patterns in comparison to animals never exposed to elevated CO2. These animals also elicit changes in myofiber type composition and protracted muscle mass deterioration even after returning to normocapnia. While aging leads to consistent DNA methylation changes over time, these epigenetic changes do not overlap with CO2-induced differential methylation. Hypercapnia does not regulate the methylome via autophagy or substrate imbalance-related mechanisms.

Conclusion

Hypercapnia causes durable muscle wasting that persists even after regaining ambient air environment, which is associated with a perturbed methylome landscape. High CO2-induced DNA methylation changes do not overlap with age-induced differentially methylation positions and are independent of substrate imbalances and autophagy regulation.

Graphical Abstract