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<p>Sex differences play a crucial role in determining tumor incidence, treatment sensitivity, and prognosis among men and women. However, current clinical cancer treatment strategies fail to account for these differences. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of tumor disparities between sexes remain elusive. Sex differences in sex chromosomes, hormone levels, metabolism, and immunity synergistically contribute to tumor-related disparities. As the demand for precision medicine escalates, there is an urgent need to conduct further exploration and research to address the tumor differences between sexes. In this review, we discuss the impact of biological sex differences on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, aiming to identify more effective strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.</p>

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Sexual dimorphism in cancer: molecular mechanisms and precision oncology perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Zhen Wang,
  • Hanwen Hu,
  • Yunjia Bao,
  • Guohong Ren,
  • Chenghui Yang

摘要

Sex differences play a crucial role in determining tumor incidence, treatment sensitivity, and prognosis among men and women. However, current clinical cancer treatment strategies fail to account for these differences. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of tumor disparities between sexes remain elusive. Sex differences in sex chromosomes, hormone levels, metabolism, and immunity synergistically contribute to tumor-related disparities. As the demand for precision medicine escalates, there is an urgent need to conduct further exploration and research to address the tumor differences between sexes. In this review, we discuss the impact of biological sex differences on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, aiming to identify more effective strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.