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<p>The association between exposure to particulates in polluted air and cognitive impairment is an emerging and significant health concern, particularly among younger populations. Although exposure to particulate matter ≤ 2.5&#xa0;μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is linked with a lower estimated risk for dementia compared to traditional risk factors such as APOEɛ4 gene variants, the widespread and long-term population exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> pose substantial implications for public health. This review explores the sex differences in cognitive function induced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, which are age-dependent and distinct from the sex bias observed in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to biological sex and sex hormones, we also discuss the role of epigenetic regulation as a mechanism underlying sex-specific cognitive vulnerabilities to environmental toxins, particularly PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Understanding these differences is important for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies to mitigate the cognitive impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure.</p>

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Evolutionary sex bias in cognitive response to new environmental risk factor - PM2.5

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Hui Chen,
  • Alexei Verkhratsky,
  • Chenju Yi,
  • Brian G. Oliver

摘要

The association between exposure to particulates in polluted air and cognitive impairment is an emerging and significant health concern, particularly among younger populations. Although exposure to particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is linked with a lower estimated risk for dementia compared to traditional risk factors such as APOEɛ4 gene variants, the widespread and long-term population exposure to PM2.5 pose substantial implications for public health. This review explores the sex differences in cognitive function induced by PM2.5, which are age-dependent and distinct from the sex bias observed in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to biological sex and sex hormones, we also discuss the role of epigenetic regulation as a mechanism underlying sex-specific cognitive vulnerabilities to environmental toxins, particularly PM2.5. Understanding these differences is important for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies to mitigate the cognitive impacts of PM2.5 exposure.