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Background <p>Brain oscillations are critical for neural communication and are increasingly recognized as sensitive biomarkers of neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Specifically, the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has been identified as a reliable assessment of cortical entrainment and is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis or even prognosis of schizophrenia. Despite the growing awareness of sex as a biological variable, sex differences in oscillatory dynamics remain underexplored.</p> Methods <p>Using electrophysiological recordings in mice, this study investigated sex differences in both spontaneous and evoked oscillatory brain activity under baseline conditions and following systemic NMDA receptor suppression via ketamine, a widely used pharmacological model of schizophrenia.</p> Results <p>Although spontaneous oscillations across a wide range of frequency bands did not differ significantly between sexes, male mice exhibited greater gamma-band entrainment at 40&#xa0;Hz ASSRs than females did. The administration of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine consistently disrupted both spontaneous and gamma-band entrainment during ASSRs but without sex-specific effects. All measured oscillatory parameters showed high test‒retest reliability, thus indicating the robustness of the findings.</p> Conclusions <p>Collectively, these results demonstrate sex-dependent differences in baseline cortical entrainment, highlighting the importance of including both sexes in preclinical research to fully elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying brain oscillations and their implications in psychiatric disorders.</p>

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Disruption of brain rhythms in a pharmacological model of schizophrenia in male and female mice

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Urte Jasinskyte,
  • Robertas Guzulaitis

摘要

Background

Brain oscillations are critical for neural communication and are increasingly recognized as sensitive biomarkers of neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Specifically, the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has been identified as a reliable assessment of cortical entrainment and is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis or even prognosis of schizophrenia. Despite the growing awareness of sex as a biological variable, sex differences in oscillatory dynamics remain underexplored.

Methods

Using electrophysiological recordings in mice, this study investigated sex differences in both spontaneous and evoked oscillatory brain activity under baseline conditions and following systemic NMDA receptor suppression via ketamine, a widely used pharmacological model of schizophrenia.

Results

Although spontaneous oscillations across a wide range of frequency bands did not differ significantly between sexes, male mice exhibited greater gamma-band entrainment at 40 Hz ASSRs than females did. The administration of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine consistently disrupted both spontaneous and gamma-band entrainment during ASSRs but without sex-specific effects. All measured oscillatory parameters showed high test‒retest reliability, thus indicating the robustness of the findings.

Conclusions

Collectively, these results demonstrate sex-dependent differences in baseline cortical entrainment, highlighting the importance of including both sexes in preclinical research to fully elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying brain oscillations and their implications in psychiatric disorders.