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Background <p>Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical NTS isolates from Shandong, China, and to characterize the genomic determinants of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).</p> Methods <p>A total of 125 NTS strains were isolated and identified from diarrhea patients in Shandong, China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed for all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and plasmid replicons, serotypes, sequence types (STs) were determined through WGS analysis.</p> Results <p>The NTS isolates in this study showed high resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 73.6%), tetracycline (TET, 62.4%), and chloramphenicol (CHL, 56.8%), among them the multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was 59.2%. In total, 28 serotypes, and 30 STs were identified, with ST34 serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- being the most prevalent. Genomic analysis revealed 63 ARGs and 171 VFGs across all isolates. Type VI secretion system-associated genes were identified in <i>Salmonella</i> Liverpool (<i>S.</i> Liverpool). Plasmid replicons, especially Col(pHAD28), pKPC-CAV1321, and IncHI2, were more frequently present among MDR isolates. Among dominant serotypes, <i>S.</i> Enteritidis carried the highest number of VFGs but relatively few ARGs compared with other dominant serotypes.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings indicate a substantial MDR burden and diverse genomic features among clinical NTS isolates in Shandong, China. The deep understanding of resistance and virulence characteristics from NTS genome can be quite supportive for continuous surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.</p>

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Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella strains from diarrheal patients in Shandong, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Ruyue Fan,
  • Peibin Hou,
  • Bin Hu,
  • Ying Yang,
  • Na Sun,
  • Dandi Li,
  • Yuan Gao,
  • Hao Song,
  • Wenjuan Liu,
  • Tingting Miao,
  • Kai Guo,
  • Weiwei Li,
  • Yunchang Guo,
  • Shaofei Yan,
  • Xinpeng Li

摘要

Background

Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical NTS isolates from Shandong, China, and to characterize the genomic determinants of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Methods

A total of 125 NTS strains were isolated and identified from diarrhea patients in Shandong, China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed for all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and plasmid replicons, serotypes, sequence types (STs) were determined through WGS analysis.

Results

The NTS isolates in this study showed high resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 73.6%), tetracycline (TET, 62.4%), and chloramphenicol (CHL, 56.8%), among them the multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was 59.2%. In total, 28 serotypes, and 30 STs were identified, with ST34 serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- being the most prevalent. Genomic analysis revealed 63 ARGs and 171 VFGs across all isolates. Type VI secretion system-associated genes were identified in Salmonella Liverpool (S. Liverpool). Plasmid replicons, especially Col(pHAD28), pKPC-CAV1321, and IncHI2, were more frequently present among MDR isolates. Among dominant serotypes, S. Enteritidis carried the highest number of VFGs but relatively few ARGs compared with other dominant serotypes.

Conclusion

These findings indicate a substantial MDR burden and diverse genomic features among clinical NTS isolates in Shandong, China. The deep understanding of resistance and virulence characteristics from NTS genome can be quite supportive for continuous surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.