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Background <p><i>Shigella</i> species are a significant global public health threat with the highest burden of <i>Shigella</i>-associated diarrhoea in children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Given the high burden of shigellosis in these settings, there is a need for continuous surveillance to identify the prevalent species, risk factors, and determine appropriate intervention strategies.</p> Methods <p>This study aimed to determine <i>the prevalence of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri)</i> and <i>Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei)</i>,<i> assess risk</i> factors and identify Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) genes present in samples positive for either species among children under five in Mukuru informal settlement. Between August 2023 and November 2024, 386 children presenting with diarrhoea at any of the four selected health facilities in Mukuru were enrolled. Stool samples or rectal swabs were collected and subjected to TaqMan Polymerase Chain Reaction (TAC PCR) for the detection of <i>S. flexneri</i>,<i> S. sonnei</i> and selected AMR genes. Case Report Forms (CRF) and structured questionnaires were used to collect medical history, behavioural and socioeconomic data, respectively.</p> Results <p><i>The prevalence of S. flexneri and S. sonnei</i> among the 386 participants was 15.54% (60/386). Positivity for <i>S. flexneri</i> and <i>S. sonnei</i> by age group was highest among children aged 12–23 months (24.84%, 40/161) and lowest among those aged 24–59 months (2.08%, 2/96). <i>S. flexneri</i> was the most prevalent species, with serotypes 2 and X being the most detected. Among the samples positive for <i>S. flexneri</i> and <i>S. sonnei</i>, the <i>mphA</i> gene was detected in 98.33% (59/60), the β-lactamase gene <i>CTX-M1-9</i> was present in 85% (51/60), and <i>CTX-M2-8-25</i> was identified in 26.67% (16/60) of samples. Age (aOR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.003–1.047, <i>P</i> = 0.027) and obtaining vegetables from the market (aOR = 2.737, 95% CI: 1.081–6.930, <i>P</i> = 0.034) were significantly associated with shigellosis.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings show that shigellosis due to <i>S. flexneri</i> and <i>S. sonnei</i> remains a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease, particularly among young children. The high prevalence of AMR genes, especially <i>mphA</i> and <i>CTX-M</i> β-lactamases, indicates widespread resistance to macrolides and extended-spectrum β-lactams. Addressing this challenge may require a multifaceted approach, including enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance, strengthened Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions, and the potential deployment of <i>Shigella</i> vaccines among vulnerable populations.</p>

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Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei among children under five in Kenya’s urban informal settlement

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月22日

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  • Christine Kioko,
  • John M. Maingi,
  • Cecilia Mbae,
  • Phelgona Otieno,
  • Collins Kebenei,
  • Winfred Mbithi,
  • Amos Njuguna,
  • Schola Kamwethya,
  • Diana Imoli,
  • Darius Ideke,
  • Jessicah Jepchirchir,
  • Kelvin Kering,
  • Samuel Kariuki

摘要

Background

Shigella species are a significant global public health threat with the highest burden of Shigella-associated diarrhoea in children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Given the high burden of shigellosis in these settings, there is a need for continuous surveillance to identify the prevalent species, risk factors, and determine appropriate intervention strategies.

Methods

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei), assess risk factors and identify Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) genes present in samples positive for either species among children under five in Mukuru informal settlement. Between August 2023 and November 2024, 386 children presenting with diarrhoea at any of the four selected health facilities in Mukuru were enrolled. Stool samples or rectal swabs were collected and subjected to TaqMan Polymerase Chain Reaction (TAC PCR) for the detection of S. flexneri, S. sonnei and selected AMR genes. Case Report Forms (CRF) and structured questionnaires were used to collect medical history, behavioural and socioeconomic data, respectively.

Results

The prevalence of S. flexneri and S. sonnei among the 386 participants was 15.54% (60/386). Positivity for S. flexneri and S. sonnei by age group was highest among children aged 12–23 months (24.84%, 40/161) and lowest among those aged 24–59 months (2.08%, 2/96). S. flexneri was the most prevalent species, with serotypes 2 and X being the most detected. Among the samples positive for S. flexneri and S. sonnei, the mphA gene was detected in 98.33% (59/60), the β-lactamase gene CTX-M1-9 was present in 85% (51/60), and CTX-M2-8-25 was identified in 26.67% (16/60) of samples. Age (aOR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.003–1.047, P = 0.027) and obtaining vegetables from the market (aOR = 2.737, 95% CI: 1.081–6.930, P = 0.034) were significantly associated with shigellosis.

Conclusions

These findings show that shigellosis due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei remains a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease, particularly among young children. The high prevalence of AMR genes, especially mphA and CTX-M β-lactamases, indicates widespread resistance to macrolides and extended-spectrum β-lactams. Addressing this challenge may require a multifaceted approach, including enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance, strengthened Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions, and the potential deployment of Shigella vaccines among vulnerable populations.