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Background <p>The application of synthetic insecticides is the primary means of controlling <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes in Malaysia, but the efficacy of this method is undermined by the evolution of resistance. <i>Aedes albopictus</i> as one of the dominant and competent arboviral vectors has an elusive insecticide resistance status in different geographical regions of Northern Peninsular Malaysia. This underscores the importance of assessing the diverse types of insecticides used and their association with target-site resistance mechanism in this species, which forms the basis of the present study.</p> Methods <p>WHO bioassays were performed on <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae and adults from four localities (Penang and Perlis), towards 0.034&#xa0;ppm temephos, 0.25% permethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl, and 0.1% propoxur. The partial <i>voltage-gated sodium channel</i> (<i>vgsc</i>) gene domain (DIIS6, DIIIS6, and DIVS6) of pyrethroid-exposed samples were subsequently genotyped through direct sequencing for single-nucleotide mutations, together with genetic variations and haplotype networks analysis. The predicted protein structures for the mutated regions and their binding affinities to pyrethroids were also evaluated using in silico docking.</p> Results and discussions <p>Varying degrees of resistance were observed in all Penang and Perlis strains to all tested insecticides. Moreover, the detection of the F1534L mutation and newly discovered non-synonymous mutations (A1022S/P, E1041K, P1585R, and F1695L) suggest the progression of resistance alleles dissemination in these strains. The analysis of genetic variations, resistance allele distribution patterns, and haplotype networks showed evidence for multiple origins of these mutations. Data also revealed the discovered mutations affect the affinity of <i>vgsc</i>-binding proteins to pyrethroids.</p> Conclusions <p>This study highlights the genotype–phenotype associations in <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and their genetic links to pyrethroid resistance, offering insights to strengthen vector control strategies in Malaysia.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Emerging and regionally novel voltage-gated sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance and altered binding affinity in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from Northern Peninsular Malaysia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Nurul Adilah-Amrannudin,
  • Kenneth Tan JunKai,
  • Ahmad Faisal Mohamad,
  • Abu Hassan Ahmad,
  • Hasber Salim,
  • Ghows Azzam,
  • Nurul Nadia Manap,
  • Shamsudin Rahman,
  • Intan Haslina Ishak

摘要

Background

The application of synthetic insecticides is the primary means of controlling Aedes mosquitoes in Malaysia, but the efficacy of this method is undermined by the evolution of resistance. Aedes albopictus as one of the dominant and competent arboviral vectors has an elusive insecticide resistance status in different geographical regions of Northern Peninsular Malaysia. This underscores the importance of assessing the diverse types of insecticides used and their association with target-site resistance mechanism in this species, which forms the basis of the present study.

Methods

WHO bioassays were performed on Ae. albopictus larvae and adults from four localities (Penang and Perlis), towards 0.034 ppm temephos, 0.25% permethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl, and 0.1% propoxur. The partial voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene domain (DIIS6, DIIIS6, and DIVS6) of pyrethroid-exposed samples were subsequently genotyped through direct sequencing for single-nucleotide mutations, together with genetic variations and haplotype networks analysis. The predicted protein structures for the mutated regions and their binding affinities to pyrethroids were also evaluated using in silico docking.

Results and discussions

Varying degrees of resistance were observed in all Penang and Perlis strains to all tested insecticides. Moreover, the detection of the F1534L mutation and newly discovered non-synonymous mutations (A1022S/P, E1041K, P1585R, and F1695L) suggest the progression of resistance alleles dissemination in these strains. The analysis of genetic variations, resistance allele distribution patterns, and haplotype networks showed evidence for multiple origins of these mutations. Data also revealed the discovered mutations affect the affinity of vgsc-binding proteins to pyrethroids.

Conclusions

This study highlights the genotype–phenotype associations in Ae. albopictus and their genetic links to pyrethroid resistance, offering insights to strengthen vector control strategies in Malaysia.

Graphical Abstract