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Background <p>Thes and fly genus <i>Trichophoromyia</i> Barretto, 1962 is one of the most diverse in the subfamily Phlebotominae. The taxonomy and systematics of this group is complex due to both a high similarity among species and unclear relationships among other sand fly groups within the subtribe Psychodopygina Galati, 1995. Despite their great relevance as vectors of <i>Leishmania</i> spp., few studies have explored the usefulness of molecular markers in studying the diversity of this group.</p> Methods <p>Here, we evaluated the use of barcode sequences of the cytochrome coxidasesubunit I gene (<i>COI</i>) for identifying several<i>Trichophoromyia</i> spp., by inferring intra- and interspecific genetic distances, in addition to performing a set of several single-locus species delimitation approaches using discovery methods. Moreover, we employed a multilocus dataset of four independent molecular markers (<i>COI, ITS2, 28S and PARA</i>) to infer the phylogenetic species tree, estimate divergence times and delimit species under a validationmodel.</p> Results <p>The phylogenetic inferences confirmed the paraphyly of <i>Trichophoromyia</i> and <i>Nyssomyia</i> Barretto, 1962. Thus, two new genera, named <i>Reburrus</i> gen. nov. and <i>Shawmyia</i> gen. nov., were proposed to accommodate sand fly species that did not fit in the aforementioned groups. Additionally, a new sub genus was proposed: <i>Trichophoromyia</i> (<i>Dilermandomyia</i>) subg. nov., containing most species of <i>Trichophoromyia</i>. A recent speciation history was also estimated, with most of the species studied diversifying during the Pleistocene. However, our dataset was insufficient to fully resolve relationships within <i>Trichophoromyia</i> (<i>Dilermandomyia</i>) subg. nov. Many species showed paraphyletic patterns in the gene trees, and some could not be reliably identified and delimited using both <i>COI</i> barcodes and multilocus tools.</p> Conclusions <p>The sand fly genus <i>Trichophoromyia</i> exhibits a complex diversification history. Our phylogenetic inference and morphological observations of <i>Nyssomyia</i> and <i>Trichophoromyia</i>, allowed us to propose new groups for the Psychodopygina subtribe. However, the prevalence of species-level paraphyletic patterns for <i>Trichophoromyia</i> (<i>Dilermandomyia</i>) subg.nov., showed that further assessment of this group requires a broader locus sampling combined with detailed morphological analysis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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On the integrative taxonomy of Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 and its relationship with Nyssomyia Barretto, 1962 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): species delimitation, phylogeny, genus and subgenus description

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Bruno Leite Rodrigues,
  • Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos,
  • Andreia Fernandes Brilhante,
  • Israel de Souza Pinto,
  • Elisene Gonçala Rocha,
  • Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior,
  • Glaucilene da Silva Costa,
  • Kamila Pereira de França,
  • Keison de Souza Cavalcante,
  • Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro,
  • Jansen Fernandes Medeiros,
  • Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati

摘要

Background

Thes and fly genus Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 is one of the most diverse in the subfamily Phlebotominae. The taxonomy and systematics of this group is complex due to both a high similarity among species and unclear relationships among other sand fly groups within the subtribe Psychodopygina Galati, 1995. Despite their great relevance as vectors of Leishmania spp., few studies have explored the usefulness of molecular markers in studying the diversity of this group.

Methods

Here, we evaluated the use of barcode sequences of the cytochrome coxidasesubunit I gene (COI) for identifying severalTrichophoromyia spp., by inferring intra- and interspecific genetic distances, in addition to performing a set of several single-locus species delimitation approaches using discovery methods. Moreover, we employed a multilocus dataset of four independent molecular markers (COI, ITS2, 28S and PARA) to infer the phylogenetic species tree, estimate divergence times and delimit species under a validationmodel.

Results

The phylogenetic inferences confirmed the paraphyly of Trichophoromyia and Nyssomyia Barretto, 1962. Thus, two new genera, named Reburrus gen. nov. and Shawmyia gen. nov., were proposed to accommodate sand fly species that did not fit in the aforementioned groups. Additionally, a new sub genus was proposed: Trichophoromyia (Dilermandomyia) subg. nov., containing most species of Trichophoromyia. A recent speciation history was also estimated, with most of the species studied diversifying during the Pleistocene. However, our dataset was insufficient to fully resolve relationships within Trichophoromyia (Dilermandomyia) subg. nov. Many species showed paraphyletic patterns in the gene trees, and some could not be reliably identified and delimited using both COI barcodes and multilocus tools.

Conclusions

The sand fly genus Trichophoromyia exhibits a complex diversification history. Our phylogenetic inference and morphological observations of Nyssomyia and Trichophoromyia, allowed us to propose new groups for the Psychodopygina subtribe. However, the prevalence of species-level paraphyletic patterns for Trichophoromyia (Dilermandomyia) subg.nov., showed that further assessment of this group requires a broader locus sampling combined with detailed morphological analysis.

Graphical Abstract