Background Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are washed 20 times as part of experimental hut trials to simulate the loss of active ingredient (AI) occurring over their intended 3-year lifespan and estimate insecticidal durability. The ability of the 20-wash method to predict the end-of-life performance of ITNs has not been empirically validated. Methods We performed an experimental hut trial to compare the efficacy of new ITNs unwashed and washed 20 times to field-aged ITNs withdrawn from households 3 years post-distribution against a pyrethroid-resistant vector population in Covè, Benin. Four products from pyrethroid-only (Interceptor®), pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PermaNet® 3.0), pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen (Royal Guard®) and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr (Interceptor® G2) ITN types were tested. Net pieces were tested in bioassays and sent for chemical analysis to assess differences in surface AI bioavailability and total chemical content between washed and field-aged nets. Susceptibility bioassays were also performed to assess insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population. Results Mosquito mortality in experimental huts was similar or slightly higher with field-aged nets than washed nets with Interceptor® (11% vs. 10%, p = 0.339, OR = 1.19, 95% CIs [0.84, 1.69]), PermaNet® 3.0 (12% vs. 18%, p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CIs [1.34, 2.38]) and Royal Guard® (9% vs. 14%, p = 0.076, OR = 1.33, 95% CIs: [0.97, 1.83]). Likewise, field-aged Royal Guard® induced a similar reduction in fertility to washed Royal Guard® (22% vs. 29%, p = 0.066). In contrast, mortality was significantly lower with field-aged nets Interceptor® G2 compared to washed nets (54% vs. 19%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.18, 95% CIs [0.14, 0.24]). Blood-feeding inhibition was higher with field-aged nets than washed nets across all ITN types. Retention of non-pyrethroid AIs was lower than for the pyrethroid, particularly with field-aged nets (PermaNet® 3.0 (roof): 25% vs. 68%, p < 0.001, Royal Guard®: 27% vs. 53%, p < 0.001, Interceptor® G2: 14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001). Conclusions In this setting, the 20-wash method provided a suitable proxy for the end-of-life killing and sterilising performance of Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0 and Royal Guard® in experimental huts. In contrast, washing overestimated the end-of-life performance of Interceptor® G2 for mortality and underestimated the personal protection of all field-aged ITNs. Graphical Abstract

Does washing insecticide-treated nets 20 times for experimental hut evaluations provide a suitable proxy for their end-of-life performance under household conditions?

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2025年4月21日

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Thomas Syme,
Abel Agbevo,
Josias Fagbohoun,
Boris N’dombidjé,
Judicael Nounagnon,
Juniace Ahoga,
Joël Akpi,
Corine Ngufor

摘要

Background

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are washed 20 times as part of experimental hut trials to simulate the loss of active ingredient (AI) occurring over their intended 3-year lifespan and estimate insecticidal durability. The ability of the 20-wash method to predict the end-of-life performance of ITNs has not been empirically validated.

Methods

We performed an experimental hut trial to compare the efficacy of new ITNs unwashed and washed 20 times to field-aged ITNs withdrawn from households 3 years post-distribution against a pyrethroid-resistant vector population in Covè, Benin. Four products from pyrethroid-only (Interceptor^®), pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PermaNet^® 3.0), pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen (Royal Guard^®) and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr (Interceptor^® G2) ITN types were tested. Net pieces were tested in bioassays and sent for chemical analysis to assess differences in surface AI bioavailability and total chemical content between washed and field-aged nets. Susceptibility bioassays were also performed to assess insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population.

Results

Mosquito mortality in experimental huts was similar or slightly higher with field-aged nets than washed nets with Interceptor^® (11% vs. 10%, p = 0.339, OR = 1.19, 95% CIs [0.84, 1.69]), PermaNet^® 3.0 (12% vs. 18%, p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CIs [1.34, 2.38]) and Royal Guard^® (9% vs. 14%, p = 0.076, OR = 1.33, 95% CIs: [0.97, 1.83]). Likewise, field-aged Royal Guard^® induced a similar reduction in fertility to washed Royal Guard^® (22% vs. 29%, p = 0.066). In contrast, mortality was significantly lower with field-aged nets Interceptor^® G2 compared to washed nets (54% vs. 19%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.18, 95% CIs [0.14, 0.24]). Blood-feeding inhibition was higher with field-aged nets than washed nets across all ITN types. Retention of non-pyrethroid AIs was lower than for the pyrethroid, particularly with field-aged nets (PermaNet^® 3.0 (roof): 25% vs. 68%, p < 0.001, Royal Guard^®: 27% vs. 53%, p < 0.001, Interceptor^® G2: 14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this setting, the 20-wash method provided a suitable proxy for the end-of-life killing and sterilising performance of Interceptor^®, PermaNet^® 3.0 and Royal Guard® in experimental huts. In contrast, washing overestimated the end-of-life performance of Interceptor^® G2 for mortality and underestimated the personal protection of all field-aged ITNs.

Graphical Abstract