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Background <p>Despite frequent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (<i>EGFR</i>) amplification and overexpression in gastric cancer, limited therapeutic responses were observed in existing EGFR-targeted agents. Pyrotinib, an irreversible dual EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown clinical efficacy in HER2-driven malignancies, but its potential role in <i>EGFR</i>-high copy number gastric cancer remains to be investigated.</p> Methods <p>Using <i>EGFR</i>-high copy number gastric cancer cell lines, primary cells and subcutaneous tumor models in nude mice, we systematically evaluated pyrotinib’s anti-tumor activity through viability assays, apoptosis analysis, and transcriptomic profiling. Mechanistic studies included co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assays, ubiquitination assays, and RNA sequencing.</p> Results <p>Pyrotinib selectively suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, and chemosensitized in <i>EGFR</i>-high copy number gastric cancer models. Mechanistically, pyrotinib promoted EGFR-GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78) complex formation in the endoplasmic reticulum, activating the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/ activating transcription factor 4/ C-EBP homologous protein (PERK/ATF4/CHOP) axis to drive ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Concurrently, pyrotinib inhibited GRP78 phosphorylation at Thr62, triggering K48-linked ubiquitination (ubiquitin chains formed via lysine 48 linkages) and proteasomal degradation, which impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and sensitized cells to oxaliplatin-induced γ-H2A.X accumulation.</p> Conclusion <p>This translational study suggests that pyrotinib combined with oxaliplatin may serve as a promising strategy for patients with <i>EGFR</i>-high copy number gastric cancer and highlighted the discovery of this previously unknown EGFR/ GRP78 signaling axis, which provides the molecular basis and the rationale to target EGFR.</p>

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Pyrotinib targeted EGFR/GRP78 mediated cell apoptosis in high EGFR gene copy number gastric cancer

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月19日

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  • Lingbo Bao,
  • Xudong Wang,
  • Xiuyong Liao,
  • Dong Li,
  • ChunXue Li,
  • Nan Dai,
  • Xiaoyan Dai,
  • Jing Yang,
  • Nana Hu,
  • Xueling Tong,
  • Zhenjie He,
  • Yuancheng Zhao,
  • Zheng Liu,
  • Yue Hu,
  • Jinlu Shan,
  • Dong Wang,
  • Mengxia Li,
  • Qian Chen

摘要

Background

Despite frequent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) amplification and overexpression in gastric cancer, limited therapeutic responses were observed in existing EGFR-targeted agents. Pyrotinib, an irreversible dual EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown clinical efficacy in HER2-driven malignancies, but its potential role in EGFR-high copy number gastric cancer remains to be investigated.

Methods

Using EGFR-high copy number gastric cancer cell lines, primary cells and subcutaneous tumor models in nude mice, we systematically evaluated pyrotinib’s anti-tumor activity through viability assays, apoptosis analysis, and transcriptomic profiling. Mechanistic studies included co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assays, ubiquitination assays, and RNA sequencing.

Results

Pyrotinib selectively suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, and chemosensitized in EGFR-high copy number gastric cancer models. Mechanistically, pyrotinib promoted EGFR-GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78) complex formation in the endoplasmic reticulum, activating the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/ activating transcription factor 4/ C-EBP homologous protein (PERK/ATF4/CHOP) axis to drive ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Concurrently, pyrotinib inhibited GRP78 phosphorylation at Thr62, triggering K48-linked ubiquitination (ubiquitin chains formed via lysine 48 linkages) and proteasomal degradation, which impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and sensitized cells to oxaliplatin-induced γ-H2A.X accumulation.

Conclusion

This translational study suggests that pyrotinib combined with oxaliplatin may serve as a promising strategy for patients with EGFR-high copy number gastric cancer and highlighted the discovery of this previously unknown EGFR/ GRP78 signaling axis, which provides the molecular basis and the rationale to target EGFR.