<p>Patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer often experience significant psychological distress during their treatment and recovery, which can lead to emotional challenges such as anxiety and depression, ultimately affecting their overall quality of life (QoL). This review summarizes recent research on the metal health and QoL of individuals following thyroid cancer surgery, focusing on how surgical techniques, radioactive iodine therapy, psychological support, and social networks influence symptoms of depression, anxiety, and overall QoL. By integrating findings from various clinical studies, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews, this article highlights the risk and protective factors that affect mental health of thyroid cancer patients. Additionally, it explores the importance of effective psychological interventions and strategies—such as mobile health solutions, counseling services, and reminiscence therapy—in improving patients’ psychological conditions and enhancing their QoL. The aim of this review is to provide healthcare providers and nursing practitioners with a thorough theoretical framework and practical insights to support psychological health management and improve the quality of life for patients who have undergone thyroid cancer surgery.</p>